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词类又名词性,英语单词根据其在语句中的功用,可以分红十个大类。
1.名词noun n. student 学生
2.代词pronoun pron. you 你
3.描述词adjective adj. happy 高兴的
4.副词 adverb adv. quickly 灵敏地
5.动词verb v. cut 砍、割
6.数词numeral num. three 三
7.冠词article art. a 一个
8.介词preposition prep. at 在...
9.连词conjunction conj. and 和
10.感叹词interjection interj. oh 哦
前六类叫实词,后四类叫虚词。
%20
名词复数的规则改变
%20
名词的格
在英语中有些名词可以加“‘s”来标明一切联络,带这种词尾的名词方法称为该名词的一切格,如:a%20teacher’s%20book。
名词一切格的规则如下:
1)奇数名词词尾加“'s”,复数名词词尾没有s,也要加“'s”,如the%20boy‘s%20bag%20男孩的书包,men’s%20room%20男厕所。
2)若名词已有复数词尾-s%20,只加“'”,如:the%20workers’%20struggle工人的斗争。
大大都代词具有名词和描述词的功用。
英语中的代词,按其意义、特征及在句中的作用分为:人称代词、物主代词、指示代词、反身代词、彼此代词、疑问代词、联络代词、联接代词和不定代词九种
人称代词的用法:
I saw her with them, at least, I thought it was her.我看到她和他们在一同,至少我认为是她。(her做宾语,them做介词宾语,her作主补)
a. -- Who broke the vase?--谁打碎了花瓶?
b. -- Me.--我。
并排人称代词的摆放次序
1) 奇数人称代词并排作主语时,其次序为:
第二人称
第三人称
第一人称
you
he/she; it
I
如:You, he and I should return on time.
2) 复数人称代词作主语时,其次序为:
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
we
you
they
反身代词
%20
指示代词
指示代词分奇数(this%20/%20that)和复数(these%20/%20those)两种方法,既可作限制词又可做代词,
疑问代词
指人:who,%20whom,%20whose
指物:%20what
既可指人又可指物:%20which
冠词是位于名词或名词词组之前或之后,在语句里首要是对名词起限制作用的词。冠词是一种虚词。
不定冠词a%20(an)与数词one%20同源,是“一个”的意思。
定冠词的用法
定冠词the与指示代词this,that同源,有“那(这)个”的意思。
1)特指两边都理解的人或物:Take%20the%20medicine.把药吃了。
2)上文说到过的人或事:%20He%20bought%20a%20house.%20I’ve%20been%20to%20the%20house.
3)指世上独一物二的事物:the%20sun,%20the%20sky,%20the%20moon,%20the%20earth(敲黑板,这个是常常会在选择题中考到的常识点)
4)奇数名词连用标明一类事物,如:the%20dollar%20美元;the%20fox%20狐狸;
5)用在序数词和描述词最高档,及描述词only,%20very,%20same等前面:
Where%20do%20you%20live?%20I%20live%20on%20the%20second%20floor.你住在哪?我住在二层。
6)与复数名词连用,指整个集体:
They%20are%20the%20teachers%20of%20this%20school.指全体教师)
They%20are%20teachers%20of%20this%20school.(指有些教师)
7)用在专有名词前:
the%20People‘s%20Republic%20of%20China中我国公民共和国
8)%20用在姓氏的复数名词之前,标明一家人:the%20Greens格林一家人%20(或格林配偶)
标明数目多少的数词叫基数词;标明次序的数词叫序数词。
序数词标明摆放的次序
序数词的缩写方法为阿拉伯数字加序数词的最终两个字母.如:%20first---1st;second---2nd;%20third-3rd;
thirty-first---31st
基数词变序数词的巧记口诀
一,二,三要全变;(one-first;%20two-second;three-%20third)
其他都加th,
th里有破例,8去t,(eight-eighth)%209去e(nine-ninth)
字母f代ve(five-fifth;%20twelve-twelfth);ty变成tie(twenty-twentieth)
若要改变几十几,只变个位就可以(twenty-one-twenty-first)
数词的用法
1)倍数标明法
a.%20主语+谓语+倍数(或分数)+%20as%20+%20adj.%20+%20as
I%20have%20three%20times%20as%20many%20as%20you.我有你三倍那么多。
b.%20主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+%20the%20size%20(amount,length…)%20of…
The%20earth%20is%2049%20times%20the%20size%20of%20the%20moon.地球是月球的49倍。
c.%20主语+谓语+倍数(分数)+%20描述词(副词)比照级+%20than…
The%20grain%20output%20is%208%20percent%20higher%20this%20year%20than%20that%20of%20last%20year.
d.%20还可以用by+倍数,标明添加多少倍
The%20production%20of%20grain%20has%20been%20increased%20by%20four%20times%20this%20year.
2)分数标明法
构成:基数词代表分子,序数词代表分母。分子大于1时,分子的序数词用奇数,分母序数词用复数:1/3%20one-third%20;%203/37%20three%20and%20three-sevenths
首要用来润饰名词的词,标明事物的特征。
描述词用来润饰名词或代词,标明人或事物的性质、状况,和特征的程度好坏,与否。
描述词作定语润饰名词时,要放在名词的前边。可是假定描述词润饰以-thing为字尾的词语时,要放在这些词之后,例如:something%20nice
以-ly结束的描述词
1)friendly,deadly,lovely,lonely,likely,lively,ugly,brotherly,仍为描述词。
2)有些以-ly%20结束既为描述词,也为副词。
daily,weekly,monthly,yearly,early
The%20Times%20is%20a%20daily%20paper.%20The%20Times%20is%20published%20daily.
用描述词标明品种和全体
某些描述词加上定冠词可以泛指一类人,与谓语动词的复数联接。
如:the%20dead,the%20living,the%20rich,the%20poor,the%20blind,the%20hungry
副词(adverb,简写为adv)是一种用来润饰动词、描述词、全句的词,阐明时刻、地址、程度、方法等概念的词。副词是一种半虚半实的词。
副词可分为:地址副词、方法副词、程度副词、疑问副词和联接副词。
兼有两种方法的副词
1)%20close与closely
close意思是“近”;%20closely%20意思是“细心地”
He%20is%20sitting%20close%20to%20me.%20Watch%20him%20closely.
2)late%20与lately
late意思是“晚”;%20lately%20意思是“迩来”
You%20have%20come%20too%20late.%20What%20have%20you%20been%20doing%20lately?
描述词与副词的比照级
大大都描述词(性质描述词)和副词有比照级和最高档的改变,即原级、比照级和最高档,用来标明事物的等级不一样。原级即描述词的原形,比照级和最高档有规则改变和不规则改变两种。
1)%20规则改变
构成法 | 原级 | 比照级 | 最高档 |
一般单音节词未尾加-er,-est | tall(高的) | taller | tallest |
great(无量的) | greater | greatest | |
以不发音的e结束的单音词和少量以-%20le结束的双音节词只加-r,-st | nice(好的) | nicer | nicest |
large(大的) | larger | largest | |
able(有才能的) | abler | ablest | |
以一个子音字母结束的闭音节单音节词,双写结束的子音字母,再加-er,-est | big(大的) | bigger | biggest |
hot热的) | hotter | hottest | |
"以子音字母+y"结束的双音节词,改y为i,再加%20-er,-est | easy(简略的) | easier | easiest |
busy(忙的) | busier | busiest | |
少量以-er,-ow结束的双音节词未尾加-er,-est | clever(聪明的) | cleverer | cleverest |
narrow(窄的) | narrower | narrowest | |
其他双音节词和多音节词,在前面加more,most来构成比照级和最高档。 | important(重要的) | more%20important | most%20important |
easily(简略地) | more%20easily | most%20easily |
2)%20不规则改变
有少量描述词、副词的比照级和最高档是不规则的,有必要熟记。如:
good→%20better→%20best
well→%20better→%20best
bad→%20worse→%20worst
ill→%20worse→%20worst
old→%20older/elder→%20oldest/eldest
many/much→%20more→%20most
little→%20less→%20least
far→%20further/farther→%20furthest/farthest
动词根据这今后是不是可直接跟宾语,可分为两类,别离是:及物动词(可直接跟宾语)、不及物动词(不能直接跟宾语,若要跟宾语,有必要加上某个介词)。
系动词
1)状况系动词:用来标明主语状况,只需be一词,例如:He%20is%20a%20teacher.
2)持续系动词:用来标明主语持续或坚持一种情况或情绪,首要有keep,%20rest,%20remain,%20stay,%20lie,%20stand,
例如:He%20always%20kept%20silent%20at%20meeting.
他开会时总坚持缄默沉静。
3)表像系动词:用来标明“看起来像”这一概念,首要有seem,%20appear,%20look,
例如:He%20looks%20tired.他看起来很累。
4)感官系动词:感官系动词首要有feel,%20smell,%20sound,%20taste,
例如:This%20kind%20of%20cloth%20feels%20very%20soft.
This%20flower%20smells%20very%20sweet.
5)改变系动词:这些系动词标明主语变成啥样,改变系动词有become,%20grow,%20turn,%20fall,%20get,%20go,%20come,%20run.
例如:He%20became%20mad%20after%20that.自那之后,他疯了。
6)中止系动词:标明主语已中止动作,首要有prove,%20turn%20out,%20表达“证明”,“变成”之意,
例如:The%20search%20proved%20difficult.查找验实很难。
连词是一种虚词,%20它不能独立担任语句成分而只起联接词与词,短语与短语以及句与句的作用。
连词首要可分为两类:并排连词和隶属连词。
并排连词用来联接平行的词、词组和分句。
如:and,%20but,%20or,%20nor,%20so,%20therefore,%20yet,%20however,%20for,%20hence,%20as%20well%20as,%20both…and,%20not%20only…but%20also,%20either…or,%20neither…nor,%20(and)then等等。
比照so和%20such
such%20是描述词,润饰名词或名词词组。
so是副词,只能润饰描述词或副词。so%20还可与标明数量的描述词many,few,much,%20little连用,构成固定分配。
so%20+%20adj.%20such%20+%20a(n)%20+%20n.
so%20+%20adj.%20+%20a(n)%20+%20n.%20such%20+%20n.%20(pl.)
so%20+%20adj.%20+%20n.%20(pl.)%20such%20+n.%20(pl.)
so%20+%20adj.%20+%20n.%20[不可以数]%20such%20+n.%20[不可以数]
so%20foolish%20;such%20a%20fool
so%20nice%20a%20flower;such%20a%20nice%20flower
so%20many/%20few%20flowers;such%20nice%20flowers
so%20much/little%20money;such%20rapid%20progress
so%20many%20people%20;such%20a%20lot%20of%20people
介词是一种用来标明词与词、词与句之间的联络的虚词,在句中不能单独作语句成分。
介词后边一般有名词代词或恰当于名词的其他词类,短语或从句作它的宾语。
介词和它的宾语构成介词词组,在句中作状语,表语,补语或介词宾语。
地址(方位、规模)介词
above在…前,%20about在…邻近,%20across在…对面,%20after在…后边,%20against倚着...,%20along在…近旁,%20among在…中心,%20around在…周围,%20round在….周围,%20at在…处,%20before在...前,%20behind在...后,%20below低于...,%20beside在...周围,%20between在...之间,%20by在...旁,%20down在...下面,%20from来自...,%20in在...里边,%20inside在...里边,等等。
方向(方针趋向)介词
across横越...,%20against敌对...,%20along沿着...,%20around绕着...,%20
round环绕..., at朝着..., behind向…后边, etween…and…从…到...,by路过/经过..., down向…下, for向..., from从/离..., in进入..., into进入..., inside到...里边, near接近..., off脱离/除..., on向...上, out of向...外, outside向....外, over跨过..., past经过/跨越..., through穿过..., to向/朝..., towards朝着..., on to到...上面, onto到...上面, up向...上, away from远离...
时刻介词
about大约..., after在…今后, at在… (时刻), before在…早年, by到…中止, during在…时刻, for有…(之久), from从…(时)起, in在(上/下午);在(多久)今后, on在(某日), past过了…(时), since自从…(至今), through 贯穿…(时刻), till直到…时, until直到…时, to到(下一时刻), ever since从那时起至今,at the beginning of在...初步时 ,at the end of在...末 , in the middle of在...傍边 ,at the time of在...时
方法介词
as作为/当作..., by用/由/乘坐/被..., in用…(言语), like与…相同, on骑(车)/徒(步),经过(收音机/电视机), over经过(收音机), through经过..., with用(材料),用(手/脚/耳/眼), without没有…
触及介词
about关于..., except除了…, besides除了…还... for关于/就…而言, in在…(方面),
of…的,有关..., on关于/有关..., to对…而言, towards关于..., with就…而言
其它介词
【意图介词】 for为了..., from避免…, to为了…
【缘由介词】 for因为..., with因为…, because of因为...
【比照介词】 as与…相同,like象…相同,than比...,to与…比较, unlike与…不一样