刘凯老师独家解析2020适应性考试英语学科分析+最新高考方向_网易订..._学习网

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所属分类：英语资料

受疫情影响，本市5万余名考生将“居家考试”。

2020年3月4日下午，英语学科如约而至！

目前各科试题已经出炉了，大家要不要第一时间一起来看独家的解析呢？！

刘凯老师很荣幸做客新文达教育直播间，为大家第一时间送上英语学科的试题解析，以及高考英语学科命题方向和备考策略！

快快加入吧，本期后面有彩蛋哦，别忘记扫描加入课程

偷偷地告诉大家，这么好的内容竟然免费呢！

嘿嘿，开心吗？

笑………………………………

收……

忘记告诉小伙伴们了

直播时间你们还不知道呢吧

英语全网独播时间不要错过啊

不见不散呢

在这里请允许Mr.Liu插播一条广告啊，这个刘老师认为：

还是蛮靠谱的！

2020年3月7月（星期六）19:30

https://www.wdzxx.com/

第一部分：知识运用（共两节， 45 分）

第一节语法填空（共 10 小题；每小题1.5 分，共 15 分）阅读下列短文，根据短文内容填空。在未给提示词的空白处仅填写1 个适当的单词，在给出提示词的空白处用括号内所给词的正确形式填空。

Mrs. Bailey was important in the educational journey that carried me through school and into my profession. Until I joined her class, I hadn’t believed in my ability as a writer. She 1 (persuade) me to join the poetry society and lit in me a fire for literature. She recognised 2 (I) potential and showed me that I could write with creativity and enthusiasm. Because of the confidence she inspired in me, I’ve carved out a 3 (success) profession as a journalist.

Some university students carried out a campaign 4 they celebrated their whole day without cell phones. This move was to improve their relationships with their near and dear ones and to keep them away from the virtual ( 虚拟的 ) life. 5 (study) indicate that a majority of young people used their phones during lessons, over family meals or even at the cinema. The problem of phone addiction ( 成瘾 ) has been observed since a few years ago, with experts and psychologists 6 (try) to increase awareness about this problem.

The tiger shark 7 (consider) to be one of the most dangerous sharks in the world. Why are tiger sharks so dangerous? First, they like to live 8 waters where humans usually swim, so the chances of an encounter ( 遭遇 ) are much greater. Second, tiger sharks are so strong and aggressive that they can 9 (easy) hit a person. And third, tiger sharks have teeth perfectly 10 (design) for cutting their food, so it is certain that the damage will be disastrous.

Afel was only a very small boy when he first saw snow in a picture book. It had lots of pictures of children 11 in big white fields. He asked, “Mum, what are those white fields?” His mother laughed, “That’s snow, and they are making a snowman!” She tried to 12 what snow was. Afel didn’t really 13 because there was no real snow where he lived. But he showed great 14 .

One day when he was 12, Afel was watching a programme on TV at his uncle’s house. The programme was full of snow. And not only snow—there were people

15 across the snow. They looked like fantastic birds. They had hats covering all their heads and big goggles over their eyes. And on their feet, they had 16 shoes.

“What are those?” he asked his uncle 17 . “Skis,” replied his uncle. “And those people are called skiers.” At that moment, he 18 to be a skier. He asked his uncle what the programme was. “The Winter Olympics,” said his uncle. “It’s like the normal Olympics, but for 19 where you need snow—ski jumping, bobsleigh ( 长橇 ), those sorts of things. They 20 it every four years.”

Afel found out that the next Winter Olympics would be in Beijing, in 2022. “Perfect,” he thought. “Enough 21 for me to become a brilliant skier.”

“But there’s no snow here!” people told him. “Where are you going to ski?” Afel

22 them. He made himself a pair of skis from two pieces of wood. He tied them to his feet and practised skiing 23 two sticks in his hands. He practised again and again until he could 24 quite quickly across the sand. He 25 to fly down the hills like the people on TV, but he couldn’t.

“Never mind,” he thought. “It’s a 26 …”

“How will you go to the Olympics?” people asked him. “Our country doesn’t

27 have a team that goes to the Winter Olympics. We have good runners and win lots of medals at the Olympics. But no skiing, no.”Afel didn’t 28 .

So every night, out in the middle of the desert, Afel now practises skiing down sand hills. He 29that the yellow sand and brown earth are as gold as the medal he will bring home with him, when he is the 30.

11．A．drawing B．playing

C．dancing D．hiking

12．A．announce B．stress

C．conclude D．explain

13．A．mind B．respond

C．understand D．regret

14．A．interest B．concern

C．patience D．confidence

15．A．walking B．riding

C．running D．flying

16．A．strong B．strange

C．fashionable D．comfortable

17．A．politely B．hopefully

C．excitedly D．nervously

18．A．promised B．claimed

C．agreed D．decided

19．A．projects B．fields

C．sports D．courses

20．A．gain B．have

C．accept D．mark

21．A．time B．energy

C．experience D．determination

22．A．avoided B．ignored

C．corrected D．criticized

23．A．pushing B．pulling

C．holding D．waving

24．A．roll B．march

C．jump D．move

25．A．needed B．prepared

C．pretended D．attempted

26．A．start B．chance

C．solution D．strategy

27．A．even B．often

C．shortly D．finally

28．A．refuse B．inquire

C．care D．complain

29．A．dreams B．predicts

C．assumes D．realizes

30．A．authority B．champion

C．genius D．celebrity

刘凯老师独家解析：

原文节选：

Afel was only a very small boy when he first saw snow. But it wasn’t real snow that he saw. No, there was no real snow where he lived. He saw the snow in a picture book. The book had lots of pictures of children playing in big white fields. He asked his mother, ‘What are those white fields?’, and his mother laughed and said, ‘That’s snow!’ She tried to explain to him what snow was, but Afel didn’t really understand. Sometimes there was rain where he lived, but not very much, so it was very difficult for him to understand what this cold, ice rain that his mother described was. It didn’t matter. Even when he was only a very small boy, Afel was already in love with snow.当阿费尔第一次看到雪的时候，他还是一个非常小的男孩。但他看到的不是真正的雪。不，他住的地方没有真正的雪。他在一本图画书里看到了雪。这本书里有许多孩子们在白色的大田野里玩耍的照片。他问他的妈妈，那些白色的田野是什么?他的妈妈笑着说:“那是雪!”她试图向他解释雪是什么，但阿费尔并不真正理解。有时他住的地方会下雨，但不是很多，所以他很难理解他母亲所说的这种冰冷的冰雨是什么。这无关紧要。当阿费尔还是个小男孩的时候，他就已经爱上了雪。

He dreamed about snow all the time, trying to imagine how it really was. He thought of big white fields. He thought of the big, heavy clothes the children playing in the snow wore. He thought about feeling cold. He dreamed of being able to fly across the white fields of snow.他总是梦见雪，努力想象它到底是什么样子。他想到了大片的白色田野。他想起了孩子们在雪地里玩时穿的又大又重的衣服。他想到了感到寒冷。他梦想着能够飞过白雪皑皑的田野。

Then, when Afel was twelve years old, the next thing happened. One day he was watching the TV at his uncle’s house. His uncle had a big, new TV, with all the satellite channels. Afel was watching one of the satellite channels and a programme came on, and the programme was full of snow. Lots and lots of it. And not only snow – there were people flying across the snow. They looked like strange animals, like fantastic birds. They had hats which covered all their heads and big goggles over their eyes. They wore brightly coloured clothes. And on their feet, they had things that looked like strange shoes.然后，当阿费尔12岁时，发生了第二件事。一天，他正在叔叔家看电视。他叔叔有一台新的大电视，里面有所有的卫星频道。阿费尔正在看一个卫星频道，一个节目开始了，节目里全是雪。很多很多。不仅是雪，还有人在雪中飞来飞去。他们看起来像奇怪的动物，像奇异的鸟。他们头上戴着帽子，眼睛上戴着护目镜。他们穿着色彩鲜艳的衣服。在他们的脚上，有一些东西看起来像奇怪的鞋子。

‘What are those?’ he asked his uncle excitedly.“那些是什么?他兴奋地问他叔叔。

‘Skis,’ replied his uncle. ‘And those people are called skiers.’ Afel was in love. Here was the snow, and here were people who were flying across the snow. It was just like one of his dreams. It was perfect. At that moment, he decided. He wanted to be a skier.“滑雪板，”他的叔叔回答。这些人被称为滑雪者。阿费尔恋爱了。这里是雪，这里是飞过雪的人。这就像他的一个梦想。这是完美的。在那一刻，他下定了决心。他想成为一名滑雪者。

He asked his uncle what the programme was.他问他的叔叔这个节目是什么。

‘The Winter Olympics,’ said his uncle. ‘It’s like the normal Olympics, but for sports where you need snow – skiing, ice skating, bobsleigh, those sorts of things. They have it every four years.’“冬奥会，”他的叔叔说。他说，这就像普通的奥运会，但在需要滑雪、滑冰、雪橇等运动的场合。他们每四年举办一次。”

Afel found out that the next Winter Olympics was in Vancouver in Canada, in 2010.阿费尔发现，下一届冬奥会将于2010年在加拿大温哥华举行。

‘Perfect,’ he thought. ‘Enough time for me to become a brilliant skier. Then I’ll go to the Winter Olympics, and win the gold medal for skiing.’“完美的”,他想。“我有足够的时间成为一名出色的滑雪者。然后我将参加冬奥会，赢得滑雪金牌。”

‘But there’s no snow here!’ people told him. ‘Where are you going to ski?’可是这儿没有雪呀!”人们告诉他。“你要去哪里滑雪?

Afel didn’t care. He made himself a pair of skis from two pieces of wood. He tied them to his feet and practised skiing holding two sticks in his hands. At first he couldn’t move, but he practised and practised and practised until he could move quite quickly across the sand or the earth where he lived. He tried to fly down the hills like the people on TV, but he couldn’t. He could only move slowly.阿费尔并不在乎。他用两块木头为自己做了一副滑雪板。他把它们绑在脚上，手里拿着两根棍子练习滑雪。起初，他不能移动，但他练习，练习，再练习，直到他能在他居住的沙漠或土地上移动得相当快。他试图像电视上的人一样飞下山，但他做不到。他只能慢慢地移动。

‘Never mind,’ he thought. ‘It’s a start ...’没关系，”他想。“这是个开始……”

‘How will you go to the Olympics?’ people asked him. ‘Our country doesn’t even have a team that goes to the Winter Olympics. Why don’t you take up athletics instead? You don’t need lots of expensive equipment to practise. Our country is very good at athletics. We have lots of runners. And every time we win lots of medals at the Olympics. But no skiing, no.’你怎么去看奥运会?人问他。我们国家甚至没有参加冬奥会的队伍。你为什么不参加体育运动呢?你不需要很多昂贵的设备来练习。我们国家非常擅长体育运动。我们有很多跑步者。每次我们在奥运会上赢得很多奖牌。但是不能滑雪。

Afel didn’t care. He found that Jamaica had sent a bobsleigh team to the Olympics a few years ago.阿费尔并不在乎。他发现几年前牙买加曾派出一支雪橇队参加奥运会。

‘If Jamaica has a bobsleigh team,’ he thought, ‘then our country can have a skier.’他想，如果牙买加有一个雪橇队，那么我们国家就可以有一个滑雪者。

So every night, out in the middle of the desert, Afel now practises skiing down sand dunes. He dreams that the yellow sand and brown earth of the desert is the white, white snow of the mountains he saw on the television. He dreams that the yellow sand and brown earth are as gold as the medal he will bring home with him, when he is the world champion.所以每天晚上，在沙漠中央，Afel现在练习从沙丘上滑雪。他梦见沙漠里黄色的沙子和棕色的土地是他在电视上看到的白色的雪山。他梦想着当他成为世界冠军时，黄色的沙子和棕色的土地就像他带回家的奖牌一样是金子。

文章节选：

http://learnenglish.britishcouncil.org/general-english/stories/the-skier

第二部分：阅读理解（共两节，40 分）

第一节（共 15 小题；每小题2 分，共 30 分）阅读下列短文，从每题所给的 A、B、C、D 四个选项中，选出最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。

If you’re looking to buy a gift for your children, why not keep up with the trend and get the best hoverboard?

如果你想给你的孩子买礼物，为什么不紧跟潮流，买最好的悬浮滑板呢?

What is a Hoverboard?什么是悬浮滑板?

A hoverboard is a two-wheeled personal transportation device. It’s electrical, portable and became highly popular in 2015 in reference to a popular 1980’s movie. Typically, this self-balancing device operates like a powered skateboard.

How Does a Hoverboard Work?

悬浮滑板是一种两轮的个人交通工具。它是电动的，便携的，在2015年非常受欢迎，参考了1980年的一部流行电影。通常，这种自平衡装置就像一个电动滑板。

悬浮滑板是如何工作的?

hoverboard

The device may have many designs, but the mechanism itself isn’t complicated.

Basically, a standard hoverboard contains:

Battery: stores the electrical power. Almost all hoverboards use a high-watt lithium-ion battery.

Gyroscope (one for each wheel): allows riders to tilt ( 倾斜 ) the hoverboard while maintaining balance and adjusting their direction.

Motor (one in each wheel): provides the power to the wheels to keep the rider balanced and upright.

Logic board: functions as the hoverboard brain. It processes data—your speed, tilt, etc.—and sends information to the motors. This unit controls the power of the board so riders can adjust their speed.逻辑板:相当于悬浮板的大脑。它处理数据——你的速度、倾斜度等——并将信息发送给电动机。这个装置控制着滑板的力量，所以骑手们可以调整他们的速度。

All the above components work together to control the power and tilt of the hoverboards so the rider is balanced, upright and moving at a controlled speed.所有上述组件一起工作，以控制动力和倾斜的悬浮滑板，使车手是平衡的，直立和移动在一个控制的速度。

Why Buy a Hoverboard?

Undoubtedly, hoverboards are cool. You’ve probably seen kids riding one around the house. They’re a phenomenon and everybody wants in. So, why deny your kids and prevent them from being part of this trend?

Where is a hoverboard legal?

毫无疑问，悬浮滑板很酷。你可能见过孩子们骑着它在房子里转来转去。他们是一种现象，每个人都想加入。那么，为什么要拒绝你的孩子并阻止他们成为这一趋势的一部分呢?

悬浮滑板在哪里是合法的?

Despite their wild popularity, hoverboards have yet to become “street-legal”. Currently, some places prohibit anyone under 16 from using these devices, and hoverboards are banned in academic institutions and public places, like campus buildings, parks, shopping malls and subway stations. Some places have also put speed limits on the devices and restricted their use to bike paths. However, open areas—including your yard—are free of these restrictions.尽管悬浮滑板很受欢迎，但它还没有成为“街头合法”交通工具。目前，一些地方禁止16岁以下的人使用这些设备，学术机构和公共场所也禁止使用悬浮滑板，比如校园建筑、公园、购物中心和地铁站。一些地方还对这些设备设置了速度限制，并将它们限制在自行车道上使用。然而，开放区域——包括你的院子——不受这些限制。

刘凯老师解析：本篇是一则广告，属于我们常见的应用文范围，难度系数较低，同学们多加细心就可以解决各个小题

31. The logic board of a hoverboard can .

A．store electricity

B. power the wheels

C. send information to the riders

D. receive data and give command

32. According to the passage, a hoverboard can be used .

A．on campus

B．in parks

C．on bike paths

D．in shopping malls

33. What is the main purpose of this passage?

A．To evaluate a gift’s quality.

B. To recommend a gift choice.

C. To compare new hoverboard models.

D. To clarify functions of the latest hoverboards.

文章节选：https://www.feedfond.com/best-hoverboard-for-kids/

Growing up, Deka Ismail says she let labels define what she could be. “I was a black girl, from a refugee (难民) family,” Deka said. “It was as if I was only allowed to explore in this predetermined box.”

After a high school chemistry class inspired her to think about a career in science and gave her confidence in the field, Deka learned to live outside labels and began making big plans for her future. Now she is about to begin her freshman year at the University of California, planning to become a professor.高中的化学课激发了她想从事科学工作的想法，也让她对这一领域充满了信心。现在，她即将开始在加州大学的大一生活，并计划成为一名教授。

Born and raised in San Diego’s City Heights neighbourhood, Deka is the daughter of a Somali refugee couple. While some might say Deka’s success happened in spite of her background, she would say differently, that her experiences shaped her and inspired her to be the driven, young scientist that she is today.德卡出生并成长在圣地亚哥的城市高地社区，她是一对索马里难民夫妇的女儿。虽然有些人可能会说德卡的成功源于她的背景，但她会以不同的方式说，她的经历塑造了她，并激励她成为今天这样一个有干劲的年轻科学家。

When Deka was eight years old, her mother got a job by studying hard back in school in order to support the whole family. That made Deka realize that education could make a difference to one’s life. She spent a lot of time in the library reading books, and didn’t do many of the things her peers did, like partying or having romantic relationships.

“I always felt like I had to be the perfect girl for my family,” Deka said. “You have to not even do your best but two times better than everyone else. I felt like the whole world was waiting for me to mess up.”当德卡八岁的时候，她的母亲通过在学校努力学习找到了一份工作，以支持整个家庭。这使德卡认识到，教育可以使一个人的生活有所不同。她花了很多时间在图书馆看书，没有做很多同龄人做的事情，比如聚会或谈恋爱。德卡说:我一直觉得自己必须是家里最完美的女孩。你甚至不必做到最好，但要比别人强两倍。我觉得整个世界都在等着我把事情搞糟。

Deka’s efforts paid off. The summer before her senior year of high school, she was accepted to the American Chemical Society Project SEED Programme. “She brought both enthusiasm and focus,” Botham, a researcher at this research institute, recalled. “She arrived every day ready to work, ready to learn and ready to tackle new challenges regardless of whether or not she had done anything similar.”德卡的努力得到了回报。在高中四年级前的那个夏天，她被美国化学学会项目种子项目(American Chemical Society Project SEED program)录取了。“她带来了热情和专注，”该研究所的研究员博瑟姆回忆说。“她每天都做好了工作、学习和应对新挑战的准备，无论她是否做过类似的事情。”

When asked what advice she would give to others like her, Deka warned them not to underestimate themselves. “Don’t tell yourself that scholarship is too big or this programme is too competitive or I’ll never get into this school, ” she said. “I was not sure whether I could make it until I started seeing the acceptance letters rolling in.”当被问及她会给像她这样的人什么建议时，德卡警告他们不要低估自己。她说:“不要告诉自己奖学金太多，这个项目竞争太激烈，否则我永远进不了这所学校。”“直到我看到录取通知书源源不断地寄来，我才确定自己能否成功。”

31. From the passage, we can learn that .

A. Deka was adopted by a refugee family

B. Deka spent a lot of time going to parties

C. Deka became a professor after graduation

D. Deka’s experiences drove her to work hard

35．Deka realized the importance of education .

A. from her mother’s experience

B. after her chemistry class

C. by reading books in the library

D. through working at the institute

36．According to the last paragraph, Deka advised that students be .

A. patient

B. confident

C. ambitious

D. generous

37．What does the story intend to tell us?

A. Life is not all roses.

B. Practice makes perfect.

C. Well begun is half done.

D. Hard work leads to success.

文章节选：

https://www.sandiegouniontribune.com/news/immigration/sd-me-refugee-science-20180820-story.html

原文题目：

Teen daughter of refugees finds inspiration in scientific research

Growing up, Deka Ismail says she let labels dictate what she could be.

“I was the Muslim girl. I was the black girl. I was from a refugee family,” Deka said. “It was as if I was only allowed to explore in this predetermined box.”

After a high school chemistry class inspired her to think about a career in science, and an internship in a lab gave her confidence in the field, Deka learned to live outside labels and began making big plans for her future.

Deka, 17, is about to begin her freshman year at UC San Diego as a biochemistry major. She plans to go on to a doctorate degree and become a professor and researcher. Her natural curiosity and infectious love for learning radiate from her when she speaks about what she wants to do with her life.

Born and raised in San Diego’s City Heights neighborhood, Deka is the daughter of Somali refugees. While some might say Deka’s success happened in spite of her background, she would say differently, that her experiences shaped her and inspired her to be the driven, young scientist that she is today.

After her parents separated when she was 8, Deka watched her mother work, go to school and raise her and her siblings as a single parent. That showed her the importance of education, she said.

“It taught me if you want to open doors for yourself, you have to put in the work,” Deka said.

Deka, the oldest of five children, would often take care of her younger siblings and help them with homework. Her family lived near the City Heights Weingart Library, and Deka spent a lot of time there reading books from the “American Girl” series, among others.

High school was especially difficult, she said, because she didn’t do many of the things her peers did like partying or having romantic relationships. She also felt pressure to succeed that weighed heavily on her because of where her family came from.

“I always felt like I had to be the perfect girl for my family,” Deka said. “You have to go out there and not even do your best but two times better than everyone else. I felt like the whole world was waiting for me to mess up.”

Deka’s hard work paid off. The summer before her senior year of high school, she was accepted to the American Chemical Society Project SEED Program, which pairs economically disadvantaged high school students with science laboratories around the country.

Deka worked with Rachel Botham, a post-doctoral fellow at The Scripps Research Institute.

Deka did not spend the internship cleaning test tubes or bringing scientists coffee; the program requires that students do actual scientific research. Deka worked with Botham to monitor a cellular recycling mechanism that doesn’t work as well with age or when people develop certain neurological conditions.

“She brought both enthusiasm and focus,” Botham recalled. “She took exquisite notes. She arrived every day ready to work, ready to learn and ready to tackle new challenges regardless of whether or not she had done anything similar.”

Deka received certificates from Councilwoman Barbara Bry and Rep. Scott Peters after she presented her work that fall.

As Deka looks to her future, her life experiences also influence the kinds of career in science she hopes to pursue.

Because she has a brother with diabetes, Deka has considered researching potential treatments, especially those that could more easily reach places like the country her parents are from.

She’s thought about opening a nonprofit in City Heights to inspire other girls there to work in science, technology, engineering or mathematics, known collectively as STEM.

She’s also interested in food issues and has worked with groups focused on food equity and childhood obesity.

After taking a couple of classes at UCSD this summer, she realized that she doesn’t want to choose a specific field too soon.

“Coming in now and seeing there are limitless things I can learn about, I know I want to stay in STEM, and I want to do research and I want to continue furthering my knowledge,” Deka said. “I don’t want to go in with a mindset of constricting myself when who knows if my skills and talents might be used best other places.”

When asked what advice she would give others like her, she warned them not to underestimate themselves.

“Don’t tell yourself that scholarship is too big or this program is too competitive or ‘I’ll never get into this school,’” Deka said. “The reality was I was working hard in high school, but it wasn’t fathomable until I started seeing the acceptance letters rolling in that my hard work was actually paying off.”

A group of blue-faced birds step through the grass shoulder to shoulder, red eyes looking around. They look like middle schoolers seeking a cafeteria table at lunchtime. Perhaps they’re not so different.一群蓝脸的鸟肩并肩地穿过草地，红眼睛四处张望。他们看起来就像在午餐时间寻找自助餐桌的中学生。也许他们并没有那么不同。

A new study, led by Damien Farine, an ornithologist who studies collective behaviour, shows that the vulturine

guineafowl of eastern Africa, like humans, have multilevel societies. In the past, scientists assumed such social structures required a lot of brainpower. But the pea-brained guineafowl are revealing the faults in that assumption.一项由研究集体行为的鸟类学家达米安·法林(Damien Farine)领导的新研究表明，东非的秃鹫几内亚猫头鹰和人类一样，也有多层次的社会。过去，科学家认为这样的社会结构需要大量的脑力劳动。但是，脑容量为豌豆的豚鼠揭示了这种假设的错误。

These large birds wander across the landscape in packs, often walking so closely that their bodies touch. They may fight each other to maintain their strict hierarchies (等级制度), but at other times they engage in friendly behaviours like sharing food.这些大鸟成群地在陆地上漫步，经常走得很近，以至于身体接触。他们可能会为了维持严格的等级制度而互相争斗，但在其他时候，他们会做出友好的行为，比如分享食物。

Suspecting the guineafowl might have a social structure, Dr. Farine and his colleagues began a thorough study of their society. For a whole year, they made daily observations of 441 birds. Coloured leg bands in unique combinations let researchers tell the black-and-blue birds apart. They also attached GPS devices to the backs of 58 birds, which let them see exactly where every group went, 24 hours a day.由于怀疑豚鼠可能有社会结构，法林博士和他的同事们开始对它们的社会进行彻底的研究。一整年，他们每天观察441只鸟。独特组合的彩色腿带让研究人员区分了黑蓝色的鸟类。他们还在58只鸟的背上安装了GPS设备，让它们一天24小时准确地看到每一组鸟的去向。

The findings of the research suggest that the vulturine guineafowl have a multilevel society. There are groups within groups within the population as a whole. There even seem to be groups of friends within the small groups. This is the first time anyone has observed such a society in a bird.

And Dr. Farine emphasizes this particular bird’s tiny brain size: “They don’t only have small brains relative to mammals ( 哺乳动物 ), they also have quite small brains relative to other birds,” he said.研究结果表明，秃鹰豚鼠有一个多层次的社会。群体中有群体，群体中有群体，群体中有群体。甚至在小圈子里似乎也有一群朋友。这是第一次有人在鸟身上观察到这样的社会。法林博士还强调了这种鸟类的大脑非常小:与哺乳动物相比，它们不仅大脑很小，而且与其他鸟类相比，它们的大脑也非常小。

According to him, living in this kind of society might actually make it easier to keep track of the social order. For example, if groups are stable and a bird can identify just one or two individuals within a group, it knows which group it’s looking at—no need for a brain that can recognize every single animal. Multilevel societies also let animals adjust their group sizes based on whatever challenges they’re facing. Depending on what enemies or resources are around, it might make sense to travel in a combined group rather than a smaller one.按照他的说法，生活在这样的社会中，实际上可能更容易跟踪社会秩序。例如，如果一个群体是稳定的，一只鸟可以识别一个群体中的一两个个体，它就知道它在看的是哪个群体，不需要一个可以识别每一个动物的大脑。多层次的社会也让动物根据它们所面临的挑战来调整它们的群体规模。根据周围的敌人或资源，结伴而行可能比结伴而行更有意义。

“Having a multilevel structure may not require having a large brain,” Dr. Farine said. There may be more birds and other animals out there that, although small-brained, have societies as many-leveled as our own.“拥有一个多层次的结构可能不需要一个大的大脑，”法林博士说。也许会有更多的鸟类和其他动物，虽然它们的大脑很小，但它们的社会却像我们的社会一样等级森严。

38. According to the passage, what inspired Dr. Farine to carry out the study?

A. The guineafowl’s social behaviour.

B. Previous assumptions about birds.

C．His interest in animal brainpower.

D．The faults in earlier research.

39. What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?

A．The research subjects.

B．The research methods.

C．The research findings.

D．The research equipment.

40. What can be learned from the passage?

A. Complex social systems can be a disadvantage to the guineafowl.

B. The guineafowl are good at recognizing individuals in a group.

C．Birds maintain social order by travelling in combined groups.

D．Small-brained animals can form multilevel societies.

41. What is the main purpose of the passage?

A. To present the findings of a study of the guineafowl.

B. To explain the interaction patterns in multilevel societies.

C. To introduce a new approach to observing the guineafowl.

D. To uncover clues about how complex societies are formed.

For several decades, there has been an extensive and organized campaign intended to generate distrust in science, funded by those whose interests and ideologies are threatened by the findings of modern science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things.几十年来，一直存在着一场广泛的、有组织的运动，旨在引起人们对科学的不信任，其资助者是那些其利益和意识形态受到现代科学发现威胁的人。作为回应，科学家们倾向于强调科学的成功。毕竟，科学家在大多数事情上都是正确的。

Stressing successes isn’t wrong, but for many people it’s not persuasive. An alternative answer to the question “Why trust science?” is that scientists use the so-called scientific method. If you’ve got a high school science textbook lying around, you’ll probably find that answer in it. But what is typically thought to be the scientific method—develop a hypothesis ( 假设 ), then design an experiment to test it—isn’t what scientists actually do. Science is dynamic: new methods get invented; old ones get abandoned; and sometimes, scientists can be found doing many different things.强调成功没有错，但对许多人来说，它没有说服力。为什么要相信科学?就是科学家们使用所谓的科学方法。如果你身边有一本高中科学课本，你可能会在里面找到答案。但通常被认为是科学方法的方法是先提出一个假设，然后设计一个实验来验证它，这并不是科学家们实际做的。科学是动态的:新方法被发明;旧的被遗弃;有时，科学家们会做很多不同的事情。

If there is no identifiable scientific method, then what is the reason for trust in science? The answer is how those claims are evaluated. The common element in modern science, regardless of the specific field or the particular methods being used, is the strict scrutiny (审查) of claims. It’s this tough, sustained process that works to make sure faulty claims are rejected. A scientific claim is never accepted as true until it has gone through a lengthy “peer review” because the reviewers are experts in the same field who have both the right and the obligation (责任) to find faults.如果没有可识别的科学方法，那么信任科学的理由是什么呢?答案是如何评估这些主张。现代科学的共同要素，不管具体领域或使用的特定方法，是严格审查的要求。这是一个艰难的，持续的过程，确保错误的索赔被拒绝。一项科学论断只有经过冗长的同行评审才能被认为是正确的，因为评审人员是同一领域的专家，他们有权利也有义务发现错误。

A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is done collectively. No claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds, of heads. In areas that have been contested, like climate science and vaccine safety, it’s thousands. This is why we are generally justified in not worrying too much if a single scientist, even a very famous one, disagrees with the claim. And this is why diversity in science—the more people looking at a claim from different angles—is important.科学判断的一个关键方面是集体判断。只有经过几十个(如果不是几百个)负责人的审查，才能接受索赔。在气候科学和疫苗安全等有争议的领域，这个数字是数千。这就是为什么当一个科学家，即使是一个非常著名的科学家，不同意这种观点时，我们通常没有理由过分担心。这就是为什么科学的多样性——越来越多的人从不同的角度来看待一个观点——是重要的。

Does this process ever go wrong? Of course. Scientists are humans. There is always the possibility of revising a claim on the basis of new evidence. Some people argue that we should not trust science because scientists are “always changing their minds.” While examples of truly settled science being overturned are far fewer than is sometimes claimed, they do exist. But the beauty of this scientific process is that it explains what might otherwise appear paradoxical (矛盾的): that science produces both novelty and stability. Scientists do change their minds in the face of new evidence, but this is a strength of science, not a weakness.这个过程会出错吗?当然可以。科学家们正在人类。总是有可能在新的证据的基础上修改一项主张。有些人认为我们不应该相信科学，因为科学家总是在改变他们的想法。虽然真正解决的科学被推翻的例子比有时声称的要少得多，但它们确实存在。但这个科学过程的美妙之处在于，它解释了一个看似矛盾的现象:科学既能产生新颖性，又能产生稳定性。面对新的证据，科学家的确会改变主意，但这是科学的强项，而不是弱点。

38. How does the author think of the scientific method?

A. Stable.

B. Persuasive.

C. Unreliable.

D. Unrealistic.

43．What does the underlined word “vetted” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?

A. Explained.

B. Examined.

C. Repeated.

D. Released.

44．According to the passage, the author may agree that .

A. it is not persuasive to reject those faulty claims

B. settled science tends to be collectively overturned

C. a leading expert cannot play a decisive role in a scrutiny

D. diversity in knowledge is the common element in science 45．Which of the following would be the best title for the passage?

A. Put Your Faith in Science

B. Defend the Truth in Science

C. Apply Your Mind to Science

D. Explore A Dynamic Way to Science

文章节选：

https://time.com/5709691/why-trust-science/

文章题目：Science Isn’t Always Perfect—But We Should Still Trust It

原文内容：

From vaccinations to climate change, we make decisions every day that implicate us in scientific claims. Are genetically modified crops safe to eat? Do childhood vaccinations cause autism? Is climate change an emergency? In recent years, many of these issues have become politically polarized, with people rejecting scientific evidence that misaligns with their political preferences. When Greta Thunberg, the youthful climate activist, testified in Congress last month, submitting as her testimony the IPCC 1.5o report, she was asked by one member why should we trust the science. She replied, incredulously, “because it’s science!”

For several decades, there has been an extensive and organized campaign intended to generate distrust in science, funded by regulated industries and libertarian think-tanks whose interests and ideologies are threatened by the findings of modern science. In response, scientists have tended to stress the success of science. After all, scientists have been right about most things, from the structure of the universe (the Earth does revolve around the sun, rather than the other way around) to the relativity of time and space (relativistic corrections are needed to make global positioning systems work).

That answer isn’t wrong, but for many people

it’s not persuasive. After all, just because scientists more than 400 years ago were right about the structure of the solar system doesn’t prove that a different group of scientists are right about a different issue today.

An alternative answer to the question—Why trust science?—is that scientists use “the scientific method.” If you’ve got a high school science textbook lying around the house, you’ll probably

find that answer in it. But this answer is wrong. But what is typically asserted to be the scientific method—develop a hypothesis, then design an experiment to test it—isn’t what scientists actually do. Historians of science have shown that scientists use many different methods, and these methods have change with time. Science is dynamic: new methods get invented, old ones get abandoned, and any particular juncture scientists can be found doing many different things. And that’s a good thing, because the so-called scientific method doesn’t work. False theories can yield true results, so even if an experiment works, it doesn’t prove that the theory it was designed to test it is true. There also might be many different theories that could yield that same experimental result. Conversely, if the experiment fails, it doesn’t prove the theory is wrong; it could be that the experiment was badly designed or there was a fault in one of the instruments.

If there is no identifiable scientific method, then what is the warrant for trust in science? How can we justify using scientific knowledge—as Greta Thunberg and many others insist that we must—in making difficult personal and public decisions?

The answer is not the methods by which scientists generate claims, but the methods by which those claims are evaluated. The common element in modern science, regardless of the specific field or the particular methods being used, is the critical scrutiny of claims. It’s this process—of tough, sustained scrutiny—that works to ensure that faulty claims are rejected and that accepted claims are likely to be right.

A scientific claim is never accepted as true until it has gone through a lengthy process of examination by fellow scientists. This process begins informally, as scientists discuss their data and preliminary conclusions with their colleagues, their post-docs and their graduate students. Then the claim is shopped around at specialist conferences and workshops. This may result in the scientist collecting additional data or revising the preliminary interpretation; sometimes it leads to more radical revision, like redesigning the data collection program or scrapping the study altogether if it begins to look like a lost cause. If things are looking solid, then the scientist writes up the results. At this stage, there’s often another round of feedback, as the preliminary write-up is sent to colleagues for comment.

Until this point, scientific feedback is typically fairly friendly. But the next step is different: once the paper seems ready, it is submitted to a scientific journal, where things get a whole lot tougher. Editors deliberately send scientific papers to people who are not friends or colleagues of the authors, and the job of the reviewer is to find errors or other inadequacies in the paper. We call this process “peer-review” because the reviewers are scientific peers—experts in the same field—but they act in the role of a superior who has both the right and the obligation to find fault. Reviewers can be pretty harsh, so scientists need to be thick-skinned and accept criticism without taking it personally. (Editors sometimes weigh in too, and often their contributions are not all that nice, either.) It is only after the reviewers and the editor are satisfied that recognizable errors and inadequacies have been fixed that the paper is accepted for publication and enters into the body of “science.” Even then, the story is not over, because if serious errors are detected after publication, journals may issue errata or even retractions.

Why do scientists put up with this difficult and sometimes nasty process? Many don’t; a lot of people drop out along the way and move into other professions. But those who persist can see how it improves the quality of their work. The philosopher Helen Longino has called this process of critical scrutiny transformative interrogation: interrogation, because it’s tough, and transformative because over time our understanding of the natural world is transformed.

A key aspect of scientific judgment is that it is not done individually; it is done collectively. It’s a cliché that two heads are better than one: in modern science, no claim gets accepted until it has been vetted by dozens, if not hundreds of heads. In areas that have been contested, like climate science and vaccine safety, it’s thousands. This is why we are generally justified in not worrying too much if a single individual scientist, even a very famous one, dissents from the consensus. There are many reasons why an individual might dissent: he might be disappointed that his own theory didn’t work out, bear a personal grudge, or have an ideological ax to grind. She might be stuck on a detail that just doesn’t change the big picture, or enjoy the attention she gets for promoting a contrarian view. Or he might be an industry shill. The odds that the lone dissenter is right, and everyone else is wrong, are not zero, but so long as there has been adequate opportunity for the full vetting of his and everyone else’s claims they are probably in most cases close to zero. This is why diversity in science is important: the more people looking at a claim from different angles, the more likely they are to identify errors and blind-spots. It’s also why we should have a healthy skepticism towards brand-new claims: it takes years or sometimes decades for this process to unfold.

In a way science is like a trial, in which both sides get to ask tough questions in hope that the truth becomes clear, and it is the jury that makes that call. But there are several differences between science and the law. One is that the jury are not common citizens, but experts who have the specialized training required to evaluate technical claims. Technical expertise is highly specific, which is why geologists are not called on to judge vaccine safety. (Indeed, it should be a red flag when we see scientists pontificating on subjects outside their expertise.) This highlights a second difference: in science, there is no presiding judge. The judges are all the other members of the expert community; we accept something as true when the expert community comes to a consensus that it is true. A third difference is that in science there is double jeopardy (or even triple or quadruple…); there is always the possibility of re-opening the case on the basis of new evidence.

第二节（共 5 小题；每小题 2 分，共 10 分）根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。

An interview is a discussion with someone in which you try to get information from them. 面试就是和某人讨论，你试图从他们那里获得信息。46 There are three basic sub-types of interview: structured interviews, unstructured interviews and semi-structured interviews. 47 Incidentally, “respondent” and “informant” are words that are sometimes used instead of “interviewee”.

A great deal is provided by this personal contact: you are another human being, and interviewees will respond to you, in bodily presence, in an entirely different way from the way that they would have reacted to questionnaires that came through their letterboxes or to emails. 48 Most people want to help and give their opinions, and they will usually be energized to help by your physical presence.

If you take the trouble to schedule a visit, you can be more or less guaranteed of a response. Most importantly, though, you will be able to relate to interviewees while you are talking to them. 49 You will be able to watch their behaviour which will give you important clues about how they feel about a topic. Because of the primacy of the personal contact, your appearance and tone are important—how do you want to be seen? As “one of us”? As a person in authority? As an observer? …Or what?

50 However you decide to present yourself, it is good practice of course to try to put the interviewee at ease before the interview begins—to talk about the weather, about your journey, about anything that will break the ice.无论你决定如何表现自己，在面试开始前让面试者放松是一个很好的练习——谈论天气，谈论你的旅行，谈论任何可以打破僵局的事情。

A. This is a ready-made support for you.

B. Its nature varies with the nature of the interviews.

C. You will be able to hear and understand what they are saying.

D. Your decision should influence the way that you look, sound and behave.

E. The information may be facts or opinions or attitudes or any combination of these.

F. Each involves the interviewer in fact-to-face contact or telephone contact with another person.

G.You will be using these clues to make informed guesses about what the interviewees might really mean.

刘凯老师解析：本次的七选五不得不说挺难得，同学们你们答得怎么样啊？