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高考冲刺：事实细节题型阅读解题技巧
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题型介绍
阅读理解题是高考备考的“重头戏”，因为它占到了40分，是全卷分值最大的一道题。高考阅读理解选题体裁多样，涉及记叙文、说明文、应用文和议论文；选材新颖，贴近生活，强调跨文化意识和能力，强调语篇选材的真实性；话题广泛，涉及政治、经济、历史、地理、文化、教育、新闻报道、人物故事、科技信息、海外风情等；题型合理，在题型设计上，包括词义猜测题、细节理解题、推理判断题、主旨大意题、和意图态度题等几大题型。
考纲要求“理解文中具体信息”，细节理解题正是对文中具体信息的掌握情况进行考查，是高考英语阅读理解中占比重最大的一类题型，在2015年全国新课标卷的阅读理解20道小题中占到一半（10题）。这类题旨在考查考生对事实细节的理解。主要针对who, what, which, why, how, when, where等来提问。细节题的命题方法很多，如可能是对某个细节用同义结构转换后进行考查，也可能是将文章中的几个细节(通常是四个)放在一起要求考生判断是非(选出正确的一项或选出错误的一项)或对几个细节进行排序等。解答这类试题时，一个常用的方法就是运用定位法，即根据题干或选项中的线索词从原文中找到相关的句子，与选项进行比较从而确定答案(此时要特别注意一些常见的同义转换)。
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解题技巧
设问特点?【链接高清】
常以when, where, what, which, who, how much/many等词提问。
以是非true /false, not true / false或EXCEPT等词提问。?
正确选项的特点?
正确选项一般都会在原文基础上进行改造。常用方法就是同义词替换或释义，即把文中语言（词汇和结构）改头换面，来表达相同的意思。?
干扰项特征
1）无中生有：凭空捏造原文不存在的细节，以迷惑和干扰考生。
2）常识干扰：干扰项是一些基本常识和我们对社会、生活等方面一些问题的一般看法和认识，虽然符合客观现实，但并非文章所提及的。
3) 偷梁换柱：这是细节题干扰项最常见的方法。干扰项利用了原文的一部分结构和词汇，但在一些位置换掉个别词，造成了语义的变化。
解题思路：
1）返回原文。每一个选项都应力争返回原文，不能通过印象进行判断。这类题的答案一般可以在文章中直接或间接地找到，但是不可能与阅读材料一模一样，而是用不同的词语或句型表达相同的意思，即语意转换。
首先要找出文中哪一部分与其相关，同时要在文中找出一个词、一个句子、甚至是一组句子来直接或间接证实自己的选择，切不可用与文章无关的细节来作为证据。
2）对于比较直接的细节题，有时不必通篇细看原文，而常常可采取 “带着问题找答案”的方法。先从问题中抓住关键性词语, 然后以此为线索，要快速辨认和记忆事实或细节。
特别提示：
细节题中，选项在意思上与原文相同的，才是正确的, 而不一定是与原文几乎一字不差的。
如果题干中含有否定意义的词语，如有not，except等，要特别留心。?
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真题再现
1.（2015??天津高考）
University Room Regulations
Approved and Prohibited Items
The following items are Approved for use in residential (住宿的) rooms: electric blankets, hair dryers, personal computers, radios,?televisions?and DVD players. Items that are not allowed?in student rooms include: candles,?ceiling?fans, fireworks, waterbeds, sun lamps and wireless routers. Please note that any prohibited items will be taken away by the Office of Residence Life.
36. Which of the following items are allowed in student rooms?
A. Ceiling fans and waterbeds. ? ???B. Wireless routers and radios.
C. Hair dryers and candles. ? ???????D. TVs and electric blankets.
D。细节理解题。根据文章第一段第一句The following items are Approved for use in residential (住宿的) rooms: electric blankets, hair dryers, personal computers, radios, televisions and DVD players.可知电视机和电热毯是允许使用的。故选D。
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2. (2015??重庆高考)
The morning ride, when the guides take you to beautiful, shallow lakes full of water lilies, tends to be more active. It is unlike any other riding experience. With rainbows forming in the splashing water around you and the sound of huge drops of water bouncing off your body and face. It is truly exciting. You are very likely to come across large wild animals, too. On horseback it is possible to get quite close to elephants, giraffes and many other animals. The sense of excitement?and tension levels?rise suddenly?though, as does your heart rate, as you move closer to them.
49. What does the author find most exciting about a horse safari?
A. Seeing and feeling the real African life.
B. Enjoying good food and wine at the camp.
C. Hunting large animals just as our ancestors did.
D. Being part of the scene and getting close to animals.
D。细节理解题。根据The sense of excitement and tension levels rise suddenly though, as does your heart rate, as you move closer to them.骑马的紧张与兴奋让人心跳加速，与他们更亲近。
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3. （2015 高考新课标全国II）
Includes a guided tour of Windsor and Hampton Court, Henry VILL's favorite palace. Free time to visit Windsor Castle?(entrance fees not included).With 500 years of history, Hampton Court was once the home of four Kings and one Queen. Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction. Visit the palace and its various historic gardens, which include the famous maze(迷宫)where it is easy to get lost!
35. Why is Hampton Court a major tourist attraction?
A.?It used to be the home of royal families
B.?It used to be a well-known maze
C.?It is the oldest palace in Britain
D.?It is a world-famous castle
A。细节理解题。根据With 500 years of history, Hampton was once the home of four Kings and one Queen Now this former royal palace is open to the public as a major tourist attraction.判断，人们去参观的主要原因是因为这是有着500年历史的前皇家宫殿，答案为A。
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4. （2015??高考湖北卷）
The oddness of life in space never quite goes away. Here are some examples.
First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges. The main question is whether you want your arms inside or outside the sleeping bag. If you leave your arms out, they float free in zero gravity, often giving a sleeping astronaut the look of a funny balled （芭蕾）dancer. “I’m an inside guy,” Mike Hopkins says, who returned from a six-month tour on the International Space Station. “I like to be wrApped up.”
63. What is the major 
challenge to astronauts when they sleep in space?
A. Deciding on a proper sleep position
B. Choosing a comfortable sleeping bag
C. Seeking a way to fall asleep quickly
D. Finding a right time to go to sleep.
A细节理解题。根据第二段第一、二句“First consider something as simple as sleep. Its position presents its own challenges.”可知在太空睡觉时，对宇航员来说主要的挑战在于恰当的睡眠姿势。故选A项。
On the station, the ordinary becomes strange. The exercise bike for
the American astronauts has no handlebars. It also has no seat. With no gravity, it’s just as easy to pedal violently. You can watch a movie while you pedal by floating a microcomputer anywhere you want. But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. Without gravity to help circulate air, the carbon dioxide you exhale (呼气) has a tendency to form an invisible （隐形的）cloud around you head. You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache.
64.?The astronauts will suffer from a carbon-dioxide headache when _____.
?A. the y circle around on their bikes
B. they use microcomputers without a stop
C. they exercise in one place for a long time
D. they watch a movie while pedaling
C细节理解题。根据第三段中“But station residents have to be careful about staying in one place too long. …You can end up with what astronauts call a carbon-dioxide headache”可知宇航员在一个地方运动久了会出现碳毒性头痛。故选C项。
Leroy Chiao, 54, an American retired astronaut after four flights, describes what hAppens even before you float out of your seat, “Your inner ear thinks you’re falling. Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying—that’s why some people feel sick.”?Within a couple days —truly terrible days for some —astronauts’ brains learn to ignore the panicky signals from the inner ear, and space sickness disAppears.
65. Some astronauts feel sick on the station during the first few days because _____.
A. their senses stop working
B. they have to stand up straight
C. they float out of their seats unexpectedly
D. their brains receive contradictory messages
D细节理解题。根据第四段中“Your inner ear thinks you’re failing. Meanwhile your eyes are telling you you’re standing straight. That can be annoying-that’s why some people feel sick.”可知宇航员在大脑接收到矛盾的信息时会感到恶心。故选D项。
Space travel can be so delightful but at the same time invisibly dangerous. For instance, astronauts lose bone mass. That’s why exercise is considered so vital that National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA) puts it right on the workday schedule. The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as it is about keeping any individual astronauts return home, and, more importantly, how to maintain strength and fitness for the two and a half years or more that it would take to make a round-trip to Mars.
66.?One of the NASA’s major concerns about astronauts is _____.
A. how much exercise they do on the station
B. how they can remain healthy for long in space
C. whether they can recover after returning home
D. whether they are able to go back to the station
B细节理解题。根据最后一段倒数第一、二句“The focus on fitness is as much about science and the future as is about keeping any individual astronaut healthy…NASA is worried about two things :… and, more importantly, how maintain strength and fitness…”可知美国国家宇航局对宇航员主要的担心之一是如何在太空长久地保持健康。故选B项。
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