- A+
因为是自个学习笔记收拾，可以存在有些差错，等待指出。以及本专栏主张页面端阅览。
1.?
????Chapter 1 Introduction to descriptive physical oceanography
????第一章 描绘性物理海洋学导论
????Chapter 2 Ocean dimension, shapes, and bottom materials
????第二章 海洋的量纲，形状以及底部构成
????Chapter 3 Physical properties?of seawater
????第三章 海水的物理性质
????Chapter 4 Typical distribution of water characteristics
????第四章 海水特征的典型分布
????Chapter 5 Mass, salt and heat budgets
????第五章 （海洋的）质量，盐度，热出入
????Chapter 6 Data analysis concepts and observational methods
????第六章 数据分析的概念以及海洋观测的办法
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????要点单词：
????????dimension量纲，维度
????????property特性（更多指的是海水的固有特性，如温盐密）
????????characteristic（特征）
????????feature（更多是指体现出的特性，如赤道和寒带海水体现出的特性不一样）
????????budget出入
????????data数据，datum的复数方法
2.?
????Some reasons for us to learn physical oceanography: ?
????一些学习物理海洋学的理由
????（1）There are many reasons for developing our knowledge of the ocean. Near-shore currents and waves affect navigation?and construction of piers, breakwaters, and other coastal structures.
????（1）有许多的理由来打开咱们关于海洋的常识，近岸的流和浪会影响导航、防波堤及码头的缔造，以及其他沿岸建筑。
????（2）The large heat capacity?of the oceans exerts a significant and in some cases a controlling effect on the earth’s climate.
????（2）具有着无量热容量的海洋对地球的气候有侧严峻意义，在某些情况下对地球气候有着控制性的影响。
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????要点单词
????????Near-shore近岸的
????????navigation飞翔，导航
????????pier码头
????????breakwater防波堤
????????heat capacity热容量
????????along shore current沿岸流
????????cross shore current离岸流
????????statistic significance计算学上有用性
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3.?
????（3）The ocean and atmosphere interact on short to long timescales; for example, the El Nin ?o-Southern Oscillation (ENSO)?phenomenon that, although driven locally in the tropical Pacific, affects climate on timescales of several years over much of the world.
????（3）海洋与大气的彼此作用在从短到长的时刻标准上；例如，厄尔尼诺表象，尽管这只是由当地的热带和平洋所驱动，但在时刻标准大将影响全世界的大大都当地好几年。
????要点单词：
????????timescale时刻标准
????????spacescale空间标准
????????driven一般翻译成驱动
????????tropical Pacific热带和平洋
????????ENSO厄尔尼诺与南边涛动
????????tropical热带
????????subtropical副热带
????????subpolar副极地
????????polar极地
????????Low-latitude低纬度
????????High-latitude高纬度
????????Mid-latitude中纬度
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4.?
????（4）To understand these interactions it is necessary to understand the coupled ocean-atmosphere system. To understand the coupled system, it is first necessary to have a solid base of knowledge about both the ocean and atmosphere separately.
????（4）为了晓得这一彼此作用，那么晓得大气海洋耦合体系是必不可以少的。为了晓得这一耦合体系，首要有必要别离对海洋和大气都有一个坚实的常识基础。
????要点单词
????????Interaction彼此作用
????????The coupled ocean-atmosphere system大气海洋耦合体系
????????separately 别离的
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5.?
????Ocean’s motion and water properties：
????海洋运动及海水特性：
????（1）In these and many other applications, knowledge of the ocean’s motion?and water properties?is essential.
????（1）在这些和许多其他的使用傍边，晓得海洋运动及海水特性是必要的。
????（2）This includes the major ocean currents that circulate continuously but with fluctuating velocity?and position, the variable coastal currents, the rise and fall of the tides, and the waves generated by winds or earthquakes.
（2）这有些内容包括首要的海洋环流，持续环流着，可是伴跟着振荡的流速和方位（这儿的意思意译的话其实是：海流持续活动着，可是它的流速和方位会存在小的不坚决），改变的沿岸流，潮汐的涨落，以及由风和地震所造成的使的浪
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????要点单词
????????ocean’s motion海洋运动
????????fluctuating velocity振荡流速
????????velocity流速
????????coastal current沿岸流
????????variable作名词：变量
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6.?
????（3）Temperature and salt content determine density?and hence vertical movement. They also affect horizontal movement as the density affects the horizontal pressure distribution.
????（3）（海水的）温度和盐度含量将抉择海水的密度，而且影响垂向运动。与此一起他们也会影响水平运动，因为密度会影响水平压强分布。
????（4）Sea ice has its own full set of processes and is important for navigation,?ocean circulation, and climate.
????（4）海冰有自个的一整套进程，关于导航，海洋环流和气候是很重要的。
????（5） Other?dissolved substances?such as oxygen,?nutrients, and other chemical species, and even some of the biological aspects such as chlorophyll content, are used in the study of ocean physics.
????（5）其他的溶解物质，例如氧气、养分盐和其他化学成分，甚至一些生物方面（的要素），如叶绿素含量都被用于物理海洋研讨。
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????要点单词
????????density密度
????????salt content盐含量，即salinity，盐度
????????horizontal movement水平运动
????????vertical movement垂向运动
????????ocean circulation海洋环流
????????dissolved substance 溶解物质
????????nutrient养分盐
????????chlorophyll content叶绿素含量
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7.?
????1.2 Space and timescales of physical oceanographic phenomena
????1.2物理海洋学表象的时刻和空间标准。
????The ocean is a fluid in constant motion with a very large range of spatial and temporal scales.?
????海洋是一种持续运动的流体，具有非常大的空间和时刻标准规模。
????The Gulf Stream?is the western boundary current?of the permanent, large-scale clockwise gyre circulation of the subtropical North Atlantic.
????墨西哥湾流是北大西洋副热带耐久性、大规划顺时针环流的西鸿沟流。
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????要点单词：
????????spatial and temporal scale时空标准
????????temporal时刻短的
????????The gulf stream湾流
????????The western boundary current西鸿沟流
????????clockwise顺时针的，反义词
????????anti-clockwise逆时针
????????gyre流涡
????????The subtropical north Atlantic北大西洋副热带
????????permanent耐久的
????????Kuroshio黑潮
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8.?
????Description about the Gulf Stream: Its strength and temperature contrast decay eastward. Its large meanders and rings, with spatial scales of approximately 100 km, are considered mesoscale (eddy) variability?evolving on timescales of weeks. The satellite image also shows the general decrease in surface temperature toward the north and a large amount of small-scale eddy variability.
????关于湾流的描绘：它的强度和温度向东比照是衰减的。（与此一起）它的大弯道和环(这儿真实不晓得怎么翻译)，空间标准约为100公里，在几周的时刻标准上，被认为是中标准的（涡流）改变。卫星图像闪现海水表面温度向北广泛降低，以及许多的小标准涡旋改变。
?????
????要点单词
????????meander弯曲曲折
????????mesoscale中标准
????????variability改变
????????eddy涡旋
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9.????????
????The space and timescales of many of the important physical oceanography processes are shown schematically in Figure 1.2. At the smallest scale is molecular mixing. At small, macroscopic scales?of centimeters, microstructure?(vertical layering at the centimeter level) and capillary waves?occur.
????许多重要的物理海洋进程的时刻和空间标准被展示在图1.2。最小标准的是分子混合。在小标准，公分级肉眼可见标准，微规划(公分标准的垂向层化)和毛细波发生。
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????要点单词
????????schematically：图解地
????????molecular mixing：分子混合
????????macroscopic scale：肉眼可见的标准
????????microsturcture：微规划
????????capillary wave：毛细波
????????Internal wave内波
10.?
????At the slightly larger 
scale of meters surface waves are found, which have rapid timescales and somewhat long-lived vertical layers (fine structure). At scales of tens of meters are the internal waves?with timescales of up to a day. Tides have the same timescales as internal waves, but much larger spatial scales of hundreds to thousands of kilometers.
????在稍大的米标准上，发现了表面波，其具有很短的时刻标准和有点龟龄数的笔直层（精密标准）。在几十米的标准上是内波，具有长达一天的时刻标准。潮汐和内波具有相同的时刻标准，可是有更大的空间标准，几百甚至上千千米。
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????要点单词
????????fine structure：介于microstructure and mesoscale 之间的标准
????????internal wave：内波
????????Surface wave表面波
????????Gravity wave重力波
????????Fine-scale精密标准10m-100km,一般为内波标准
????????Micro-scale微标准 ?10m以下标准
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11.?
????Mesoscale eddies and strong ocean currents such as the Gulf Stream are found at spatial scales of tens of kilometers to several hundred kilometers and timescales of 
weeks to years. The large-scale ocean circulation has a spatial scale the size of ocean basins?up to the global ocean and a timescale?ranging from seasonal to permanent, which is the timescale of?plate tectonics that rearranges?the ocean boundaries.?
????微标准涡旋和微弱的海洋环流例如湾流，在几十千米到几百千米的空间标准和几周全几年的时刻标准上被发现。大标准的海洋环流具有海盆规划甚至全球海洋的空间标准和时节性到耐久性的时刻标准，这一耐久性是指从头摆放海洋鸿沟的板块规划的时刻标准。
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????要点单词：
????????ocean basin：洋盆
????????seasonal to permanent：从时节性到耐久性
????????plate tectonic：板块规划
????????the ocean boundary：海洋鸿沟
????????eddy涡旋，一般标准较大
????????vortex涡旋，一般标准较小
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