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part i vocabulary and structure
1. （ ）means the property of having two levels of structures, such that units of the primary level are composed of elements of the secondary level and each of the two levels has its own principles of organization.
a. creativity
b. duality
c. arbitrariness
d. displacement
2. （ ）distinguishes the linguistic competence of the speaker and the actual phenomena or data of linguistics as langue and parole.
a. chomsky
b. saussure
c. gilman
d. brown
3. （ ）is the study of the characteristics of language varieties, the characteristics of their functions and the characteristics of their speakers as these three constantly interact and change within a speech community.
a. psycholinguistics
b. sociolinguistics
c.anthropological linguistics
d.computational linguistics
4.the words such as are called （ ）.
a. abbreviation
b. acronym
c. back-formation
d. blending
5.for example, the word .it is called （ ）.
a.meaning shift
b.broadening
c.narrowing
d.borrowing
6. （ ）there is fresh air, there is oxygen.
a. wherever
b.whenever
c. unless
d.whether
7.the factory operated （ ）until the order was filled.
a.at times
b.to the minute
c.day by day
d.around the clock
8.after working for the firm for ten years, he finally （ ）the rank of deputy director.
a. achieved
b. approached
c. attained
d. acquired
9.if we （ ）our test tomorrow, i would have gone to the concert.
a.weren’t to have
b.hadn’t been to have
c.aren’t to have
d.hadn’t had
10.which of the following italicized parts is a subject clause?
a.we are quite certain that we will get there in time.
b.he has to face the fact that there will be no pay rise this year.
c.she said that she had seen the man earlier that morning.
d.it’s sheer luck that the miners are still alive after ten days.
11. （ ）you said is true, there are still other factors to be considered.
a.supposed that what
b.supposing what that
c.granted that what
d.considered what that
12.the storm sweeping over this area now is sure to cause （ ）of vegetables in the coming days.
a. rarity
b. scarcity
c. invalidity
d. variety
13.to the scientists’ delight, their efforts have increased people’s （ ）of the importance of saving water.
a. awareness
b. commitment
c. agreement
d. response
14.the word contains （ ）morphemes.
a.4
b.3
c.2
d.5
15.judging from her speeches and behaviors marry has a strict （ ）.
a. growth
b. upbringing
c. development
d. cultivation
16. （ ）your valuable help, we couldn’t have finished the experiment ahead of time.
a.if it were not for
b.had it not been for
c.were it not for
d.if it has not been for
17. it was with great joy （ ）he knew that his gmat score as 670, high enough to apply to a top university of business.
a.when
b.with
c.what
d.that
18.you can sleep on the couch in the lounge, （ ）you can go to a hotel nearby.
a. and
b. then
c. or
d. but
19.i’d rather you （ ）make any comment on the issue for the time being.
a. don’t
b. wouldn’t
c. didn’t
d. shouldn’t
20.the river is （ ）that one.
a.as three times long as
b.the third time as
c.three times the length of
d.three times longer as
part i
1.b解析】duality（二重性）指语言拥有两层结构的这种特性，底层结构是上层结构的组成成分。且每层都有自身的组合规则。a为创造性，c为任意性，d为移位性。
2.b解析】saussure（索绪尔）将说话者的语言能力和语言的实际现象或语料区分为语言和言语。chomsky主要研究生成语言学，而gilman和brown都是社会语言学家。
3.b解析】sociolinguistics（社会语言学）包括语言的社会功能和语言使用者的社会特征，它研究语言变体的特征、它们的功能特征、讲话者的特征以及这三者如何在言语团体中持续地相互作用和变化。a为心理语言学，c为人类语言学，d为计算机语言学。
4.d解析】smog是由smoke的前半部分和fog的后半部分混合在一起构成的，brunch是由breakfast和lunch混合在一起构成的，这种构词法叫blending（混拼词）。abbreviation指缩写词，acronym指首字母缩写词，back—formation指逆构词。都不符合题意。
5.a解析】bead从最初的含义“祈祷”转变为“念珠”，到后来的“水珠、钢珠”，词义已不同于最初的含义，属于meaning shift（词义转移）。而b指词义扩大，c指词义缩小，d指借词，都不符合题意。
6.a解析】本题考查复合句中的地点状语从句。本句的意思是：凡是有空气的地方，就有氧气。这里wherever表示无论哪里的意思，其他选项都不符合逻辑。
7.d解析】本句的意思是：工厂昼夜不停地工作，直到把订的货物赶出来为止。at times“有时”；to the minute“恰好，一分不差”：day by day“一天天”；around the clock“昼夜不停地”。
8.c解析】本句的意思是：在这个公司工作了十年之后，他终于获得了部门主管的职位。achieve“成就”；approach“接近”；attain“（通常指经过努力）获得，达到”；acquire“学到，取到”。故选c。
9.a解析】本题考查虚拟语气。本句的意思是：如果我们明天没有考试的话，我们就去参加音乐会了。此处if引导的从句中是对将来的事实相反。固定的语法结构框架是if加上were to do形式，因此只有a项为正确答案。
10.d解析】此题考查的是主语从句，a项是一个表语从句，是一个主系表的结构；b项是一个同位语从句，that引导的同位语从句补充说明先行词的内容；c项是一个宾语从句，that引导的宾语从句作谓语动词said的宾语；只有d项是一个主语从句。it是一个形式主语，真正的主语是后面的that从句部分。
11.c解析】本句的意思是
：假设你说的是真的，还有其他的因素需要考虑。这里9rantedthat是一个固定搭配，表示“假定，即使”，what需要作said的宾语。b和d两项不符合语法，先排除，a项应该是supposing，所以也不正确。
12.b解析】本题考查名词辨析。scarcity“缺乏，不足”；rarity“奇事，珍品，奇物，稀少”（强调稀有，罕见）；invalidity“无效”：variety“变化，多样性”。
13.a解析】本句的意思是：让科学家高兴的是，他们的努力增加了人们的节约用水的（ ）。awareness“意识”；commitment“承诺”；agreement“合同，同意”；response“回应”。根据题意，只有a项符合逻辑。因此正确答案为a。
14.c解析】chronology可以拆分成两个黏着词素，为chron.和-ology，因此答案为c。
15.b解析】本句的意思是：从她的言行举止来看，她有一个严格的（ ）。growth“成长，生长”；upbringing“家教，教养”；development“发展”；cultivate“培养”。根据语义，正确答案应为b。行为举止反应一个人的教养。
16.b解析】本题是与过去事实相反的虚拟语气，如果省略if，句子要倒装，倒装时要将助动词提前，因此正确答案为b。
17.d解析】本题是一个强调句型——“it was…that…”结构，因此正确答案为d。
18.c解析】根据句意，你可以睡在大厅的沙发上，你也可以去附近的旅馆。能够表达这种选择关系的连词只能是or。因此正确答案为c。
19.c解析】本句的意思是：我希望你暂时不要对这个问题做任何评论。在would/had rather引导的宾语从句中，从句要用过去时表示对现在或将来情况的虚拟，用过去完成时表示对过去情况的虚拟。本题中表示对现在情况的虚拟，故用过去时。
20.c解析】本句的意思是：这条河是那条河的三倍长。常见的倍数表达法有：倍数+比较级+than;倍数+the
size/weight/height/length+of;倍数+as lon9/old/high/heavy…+as等。c项表达正确。
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