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（一）?形容词和副词i． 要点a．?形容词1、 形容词的用法 形容词是用来修饰、描绘名词的，通常在句中作定语、表语或宾补，有时还可作状语。如：he is honest and hardworking.i found the book interesting. 某些形容词与定冠词连用表示一类人作主语时，谓语通常用复数形式。如：the rich and the poor live in different parts of the city.the english like to be with their families. 多个形容词作定语修饰名词的顺序： 冠词+序数词+基数词+性质状态（描述性）+形状大小+新旧老少+颜色+国籍+材料+名词。如：the second five interesting big new red chinese wall papers.2、 形容词比较等级的形式 （1） 规则形式 一般说来，单音节词及少数双音节词在后加-er; --est 来构成比较级和最高级；其他双音节词及多音节词在前加more, most.如：great-greater-greatestbusy-busier-busiestimportant-more important-(the)most important （2） 不规则形式good (well)-better-bestbad (ill)-worse-worstmany (much)-more-mostlittle-less-least （3） 形容词比较等级的用法①表示两者的比较，用形容词的比较级+than. 如：he is cleverer than the other boys.this one is more beautiful than that one.②表示两者以上的比较，用如：he is the cleverest boy in his class.③表示两者是同等程度，用. 如：he is as tall as i.i have as many books as you.④ 越… 越… 例如：the more i learn, the happier i am.⑤ you can never be too careful. 越小心越好 又如：you can never praise the teacher too highly. 你怎么赞扬这个老师也不过分。⑥ i have never spent a more worrying day. 那一天是最令我担心的一天。i have never had a better dinner. 这是我吃过的最好的一顿饭。⑦ my english is no better than yours. 我的英语和你的英语都不怎么样。b．副词1、 副词的种类 （1） 时间副词 如：ago, before, already, just, now, early, late, finally, tomorrow等 （2） 地点副词 如：here, there, near, around, in, out, up, down, back, away, outside等。 （3） 方式副词 如：carefully, angrily, badly, calmly, loudly, quickly, politely, nervously等。 （4） 程度副词 如：almost, nearly, much, greatly, a bit, a little, hardly, so, very等。2、 副词比较等级的用法 其用法与形容词相似，只是副词最高级前可省略定冠词。如：of all the boys he sings (the) most beautifully.we must work harder.3、 某些副词在用法上的区别 （1） already, yet, stillalready表示某事物已经发生，主要用于肯定句；yet表示期待某事发生，主要用于否定句和疑问句；still表示某事还在进行，主要用于肯定句和疑问句，有时也可用于否定句。如：weve already watched that film.i havent finished my homework yet.he still works until late every night. （2） too, as well, also, eithertoo, as well和 also用于肯定句和疑问句，too和as well多用于口语，一般放在句末，而also多用于书面语，一般放在句中与动词连用。either用于否定句和否定的疑问句，往往放在句末。如：he went there too.he didnt go there either.i like you as well.i also went there.(3) hard, hardlyhardly意为与hard在词义上完全不同。如：i work hard every day.i can hardly remember that.(4) late, latelylately意为。如：he never comes late.have you been to the museum lately?
ii．?例题 例1 toms father thinks he is already ____a high enough b tall enoughc enough high c enough tall 解析：该题正确答案是b。修饰人高用tall, 而建筑物的高用high,并且enough修饰形容词要放在形容词后面。因此该题选b。 例2 ____ the worse i seem to be.a when i take more medicineb the more medicine i takec taking more of the medicined more medicine taken 解析：该题正确答案为b。意为越…，越…。该句意为：吃的药越多，我的病越是加重。 例3..a too b also c either d neither 解析：该题正确答案为c。a和b都用于肯定句中。d-neither本身意为否定。 例4 mr smith was ____ moved at the news.a deep b deeply c very deep d quite deeply 解析：该题正确答案为b。a. deep用于副词时，修饰具体的深，如dig deep,而b-deeply则修饰表示感情色彩的词，如该题为deeply moved.另如deeply regret等。而d-quite和deeply均为副词，不能互相修饰。
（二）?介词
i．?要点1、介词和种类 （1） 简单介词，常用的有at, in, on, about, across, before, beside, for , to, without等。 （2） 复合介词，如by means of, along with, because of, in front of, instead of等。2、介词和其他词类的习惯搭配关系 （1） 和动词的搭配，如agree with, ask for, belong to, break away from, care about等。 （2） 和形容词的搭配，如afraid of, angry with, different from, good at （3） 和名词的搭配，如answer to , key to, reason for, cause of, visit to等.3、介词短语可以有自己的修饰语，这种修饰语通常有right, just, badly, all, well, directly, completely等少数几个副词。如：he came right after dinner.he lives directly opposite the school.4、 某些介词的意义与用法举例 （1） at, on, in（表时间） 表示时间点用at,如at four oclock, at midnight等；表示不确定的时间或短期假日也用at,如at that time, at christmas等。 指某天用on, 如on monday, on the end of november, 指某天的朝夕用on,如on friday morning, on the afternoon of september lst等。 指长于或短于一天的时段用in,如in the afternoon, in february, in summer, in 1999等。 （2） between, among（表位置）between仅用于二者之间，但说三者或三者以上中的每两个之间的相互关系时，也用between, 如im sitting between tom and alice.the village lies between three hills.among用于三者或三者以上之间。如：he is the best among the students. （3） beside, besidesbeside意为。如：he sat beside me.what do you want besides this? （4）in the tree, on the treein the tree 指动物或人在树上，而on the tree 指果实、树叶长在树上 （5）on the way, in the way, by the way, in this wayon the way 指在路上 in the way 指挡道by the way 指顺便问一句 in this way 用这样的方法 （6）in the corner, at the cornerin the corner 指在拐角内 at the corner 指在拐角外 （7）in the morning, on the morningin the morning 是一般说法 on the morning 特指某一天的早晨 （8）by bus, on the busby bus 是一般说法 on the bus 特指乘某一辆车
ii．?例题 例1 do you know any other foreign language____ english?a except b but c beside d besides 解析：a、b两项except等于but，意为。所以该题正确答案为d。该题意为：除了英语外，你还知道别的语言吗？ 例2 he suddenly returned ____ a rainy night.a on b at c in d during 解析：我们均知道，at night这一短语，但如果night前有修饰词，表具体的夜晚，则要用介词on来修饰，故该题正确答案为a。 例3 im looking forward ____your letter.a to b in c at d on 解析：该题正确答案为a。look forward to 为固定搭配，意为。
（三）?连词
i．?要点1、 连词的种类 （1） 并列连词用来连接并列关系的词、短语或分句，如and, for, or, both…and, either…or, neither…nor等。 （2） 从属连词用来引导从句，如that, if, whether, when, after, as soon as等。 除了从属连词（引导状语从句）外，还有其它可以用来引导从句的词类。它们是连接代词和连接副词（引导名词性从句），关系代词和关系副词（引导定语从句）。2、 常用连词举例(1)and 和，并且they drank and sang all night.(2) both…and 和， 既…也…both my parents and i went there.(3) but 但是，而im sad, but he is happy.(4) either…or 或…或…， 要么…要么…either youre wrong, or i am.(5) for因为i asked him to stay, for i had something to tell him.
(6) however 然而，可是af first, he didnt want to go there. later, however, he decided to go.(7) neither…nor 既不…也不neither my parents nor my aunt agrees with you.(8) not only…but(also) 不但…而且…he not only sings well, but also dances well.(9) or 或者，否则hurry up, or youll be late.are you a worker or a doctor?(10) so 因此，所以its getting late, so i must go.(11) although 虽然although it was late, they went on working.(12) as soon as 一 …就ill tell him as soon as i see him.(13) because 因为he didnt go to school, because he was ill. （14）unless 除非，如果不i wont go unless it is fine tomorrow. （15）until 直到…he didnt leave until eleven. (瞬间动词用于not… until 结构)he stayed there until eleven. （16）while 当…时候，而 (表示对比)while i stayed there, i met a friend of mine. (while后不可用瞬间动词)my pen is red while his is blue. （17）for 因为he was ill, for he didnt come. (结论是推断出来的) （18）since自从…i have lived here since my uncle left. （19）hardly… when 一… 就i had hardly got to the station when the train left. （20）as far as 就… 来说as far as i know, that country is very small.you may walk as far as the lake. (一直走到湖那里)
ii．?例题 例1 john plays football ____, if not better than, david.a as well b as well as c so well d so well as 解析：该题意为：john踢足球如果不比david好的话，那也踢得和david一样好。 和…一样好为as well as. 故该题正确答案为b。 例2 she thought i was talking about her daughter, ____, in fact, i was talking about my daughter.a when b where c which d while 解析：该处意为，只有while有此意思，故选d。 例3 would you like a cup of coffee ____ shall we get down to business right away?a. and b. then c. or d. otherwise 解析：该处意为，正确答案为c。
英语语法知识难点（二）
（四）动词时态、语态
i． 要点1、 一般现在时 （1） 表示经常发生的动作或现在存在的状态，常与sometimes, always, often, every day等时间状语连用。如：sometimes, we go swimming after school. （2） 表示客观真理、科学事实等。如：the earth goes round the sun.2、 现在进行时(1) 表示说话时或现阶段正在进行的动作，常与now, at present等时间状语连用。如：what are you doing now?(2) 和always, continually等连用，表一种经常反复的动作，常含有某种情感。如：he is always doing good deeds.3、 现在完成时 主要表示动作发生在过去，对现在仍有影响，或动作一直延续到现在，或可能还要继续下去，常与just, already, so far, once, never 等词连用。如:have you ever been to beijing?4、一般将来时 表示将来某一时间要发生的动作或存在的状态，常与tomorrow, next year等连用。如：ill meet you at the school gate tomorrow morning.were going to see a film next monday.5、一般过去时 表示在过去某一时间或某一阶段内发生的动作或存在的状态，常与yesterday, last year, in 1998, a moment ago等词连用。如：it happened many years ago.6、过去进行时 表示过去某一时刻或某一时期正在发生的动作。如：what were you doing this time yesterday?7、 过去完成时 表示在过去某一时间或动作之前已经发生或完成了的动作。如：the train had already left before we arrived.８、一般过去将来时 表示说话人从过去的角度来看将来发生的动作。如：he said he would come, but he didnt.
ii．例题
例１ i learned that her father ____ in 1950.a had died b died c dead d is dead 解析：该题正确答案为ｂ。从句中的谓语动词动作虽然发生在主句谓语动词的动作之前，但因从句中有明确的过去时间状语in 1950, 所以不用过去完成时态，而用一般过去时态。
例２ the five-year-old girl ____ by her parents.a is looked b has looked forc is being looked for d has been looked
解析：该题正确答案为ｃ。在带有介词的动词短语用于被动语态句中，介词不能省，否则就变成了不及物动词短语，而不能用于被动语态的句子中。
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