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??今日咱们共享一篇
1-6大学的常识点
让咱们一同来查缺补漏吧~
一、基础常识
1.字母:26个字母的巨细写
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v w x y z
2.语音: 元音的发音
5个元音字母:a e i o u
12个单元音:
前元音:[i:] [?] [ e ] [?]
中元音:[?
:] [?]
后元音:[ɑ:] [?] [?:] [u:] [?] [?]
双元音(8个) 合口双元音[ai] [ei] [au] [?u] [?i] 会集双元音[i?] [ε?] [u?]
3.词汇:词汇量,近反义词
4.语句: 巨细写,标点符号
二、语法常识
1
名词:名词单复数,名词的格
(一)名词单复数
一般情况,直接加-s,如:book-books, bag-bags, cat-cats, bed-beds
以s. x. sh. ch结束,加-es,如:bus-buses, box-boxes, brush-brushes, watch-watches
以“子音字母+y”结束,变 y 为 i, 再加-es,如:family-families, strawberry-strawberries
以“f 或 fe”结束,变 f 或 fe 为 v, 再加-es,如:knife-knives
不规则名词复数: man-men, woman-women, policeman-policemen, policewoman-policewomen, mouse-mice child-children, foot-feet, tooth-teeth, fish-fish, people-people, chinese-chinese, japanese-japanese
不可以数名词的复数就是原形: paper, juice, water, milk, rice, tea
(二)名词的格
(1) 有生命的东西的名词一切格: a) 奇数后加 's 如: lucy's ruler, my father's shirt b) 以s 结束的复数名词后加 ’ 如: his friends' bags c) 不以s 结束的复数后加's children's shoes 并排名词中,假定把 's加在最终一个名词后,标明共有, 如: tom and mike's car 汤姆和迈克共有的小轿车 要标明一切物不是共有的,应别离在并排名词后加's, 如: tom's and mike's cars 汤姆和麦克各自的小轿车
(2) 标明无生命东西的名词一般用“of +名词”来标明一切联络: 如: a picture of the classroom a map of china
2
冠词:不定冠词,定冠词品种
(1) 不定冠词 : a / an a unit / an uncle
元音最初的可数名词前用an :
an egg / an apple / an orange
(2) 定冠词:the
the egg / the plane
2. 用法:
定冠词的用法:
特指某(些)人或某(些)物:the ruler is on the desk.
复述上文说到的人或物:he has a sweater. the sweater is new.
说话两边都晓得的人或物:the boys aren't at school.
在序数词前:john's birthday is february the second.
用于固定词组中:in the morning / afternoon / evening
不必冠词的情况:
专有名词前:china is a big country.
名词前有定语:this , that , my , your , some, any , no 等: this is my baseball.
复数名词标明一类人和事:ms can't swim. they are teachers.
在节日,日期,月份,时节前:today is christmas day. it's sunday.
一日三餐前:we have breakfast at 6:30.
球类 棋类运动前:they often play football after class. he plays chess at home. * 但乐器前要用定冠词:i play the guitar very well.
学科称号前:my favorite subject is music.
在称号或头衔的名词前:this is mr li.
固定词组中:at noon at night by bus
3
代词、描述词、副词
代词:人称代词,物主代词
描述词,副词:比照级,最高档
(一)、描述词的比照级
1. 描述词比照级在语句中的运用:
两个事物或人的比照用比照级,比照级后边一般带有单词 than。比照级前面可以用more, a little来润饰标明程度。than后的人称代词用主格(口语中可用宾格)。
2. 描述词加er的规则:
一般在词尾加er ; 以字母e 结束,加r ; 以一个元音字母和一个子音字母结束,应双写结束的子音字母,再加er ; 以“子音字母+y”结束,先把y变i,再加er 。
3. 不规则描述词比照级:
good-better,
beautiful-more beautiful
(二)副词的比照级
1. 描述词与副词的差异(有be用形,有形用be;有动用副,有副用动)
⑴在语句中描述词一般处于名词之前或be动词之后
⑵副词在语句中最多见的是处于实义动词之后
2. 副词比照级的改变规则根柢与描述词比照级相同(不规则改变:well-better, far-farther)
4
数词:序数词、 基数词
(1) 1-20
one,two, three, our, five, six, seven, eight, nine, ten, eleven, twelve, thirteen, fourteen, fifteen, sixteen, seventeen, eighteen, nineteen, twenty
(2) 21-99先说“几十”,再说“几”,中心加连字符。
23→twenty-three,
34→thirty-four,
45→forty—five,
56→fifty-six,
67→sixty-seven,
78→seventy-eight,
89→eighty-nine,
91→ninety-one
(3) 101—999先说“几百”,再加and,再加末两位数或末位数;
586→five hundred and eighty-six,
803→eight hundred and three
(4) 1,000以上,先从右往左数,每三位数加一个“,”,第一个“,”前为thousand. 第二个“,”前为million,第三个“,”前为billion
1,001→ one thousand and one
18,423→ eighteen thousand four hundred and twenty-three
6,260,309→ six million two hundred and sixty thousand three hundred and nine
750,000,000,000→ seven hundred and fifty bilion
序数词
(1) 一般在基数词后加 th
eg. four→fourth, thirteen→thirteenth
(2) 不规则改变
one→first,
two→second,
three→third,
five→fifth,
eight→eighth,
nine→ninth,
twelve—twelfth
(3) 以 y 结束的十位整数,变 y 为 ie 再加 th
twenty→twentieth,
forty→fortieth,
ninety→ninetieth
(4) 从二十一后的“几十几”直至“几百几十几”或“几千几百几十几”只将个位的基数词变为序数词。
twenty-first,
two hundred and forty-fifth
基数词
基数词转为序数词的口诀:
基变序,有规则,词尾加上-th.
一,二,三,特别记,词尾字母 t, d, d.
8去t, 九去e, ve要用f替。
ty 将 y变成 i,th 前面有个 e.
如果碰到几十几,前用基来后用序。
5
介词:常用介词:in, on, at, behind等
1. at 标明时刻概念的某一个点。(在某时刻、时刻、期间等)。
at 1:00 (dawn,midnight , noon) 在一点钟(拂晓、午夜、正午)
2.on
1) 标明具体日期。
注:(1)关于"在周末"的几种标明法:
at (on) the weekend在周末---特指
at (on) weekends在周末---泛指
over the weekend在整个周末
during the weekend在周晚时刻 (2)在圣诞节,应说 at christmas? 而不说 on christmas?
2) 在(刚……)的时分
on reaching the city he called up his parents.
一到城里他就给父母打了一个电话。
3.in
1) 标明"时段"、"时期",在大都情况下可以和 during 交换,前者偏重比照,后者偏重持续。
in (during) 1988 (december, the 20th century) 在一九88年(十二月、二十世纪)
6
动词:动词的四种时态
(1) 一般如今时:
一般如今时的构成
1. be动词:主语+be (am, is, are)+其它。如:i am a boy. 我是一个男孩。
2. 行为动词:主语+行为动词(+其它)。如:we study english. 咱们学习英语。
当主语为第三人称奇数(he, she, it)时,要在动词后加"-s"或"-es"。如:mary likes chinese. 玛丽喜爱汉语。
动词+s的改变规则
1.一般情况下,直接加-s,如:cook-cooks, milk-milks
2.以s. x. sh. ch. o 结束,加-es,如:guess-guesses, wash-washes, watch-watches, go-goes
3.以“子音字母+y 结束,变y为i, 再加-es,如:study-studies
(2) 一般曩昔时:
动词曩昔式详解 动词的曩昔式的构陈规则有:
a、规则动词
① 一般直接在动词的后边加ed:如 worked , learned , cleaned , visited
② 以e结束的动词直接加d:如 lived , danced , used
③ 以子音字母加y结束的动词要改 y 为 i 再加 ed (此类动词较少)如 study – studied carry – carried worry – worried (留心play、stay不是子音字母加 y ,所以不归于此类)
④ 双写最终一个字母(此类动词较少)如 stopped
b、不规则动词(此类词并无规则,须熟记)大学期间要记住以下动词的原形和曩昔式:sing – sang , eat – ate ,
see – saw , have – had , do – did , go – went , take – took , buy – bought , get – got , read – read ,fly – flew , am/is – was ,
are – were , say – said , leave – left , swim – swam , tell – told , draw – drew , come – came , lose – lost , find – found , drink – drank , hurt – hurt , feel – felt
(3) 一般将来时:
根柢规划:
①be going to + do;
②will+ do. be going to = will
i am going to go swimming tomorrow(明日). = i will go swimming tomorrow.
(4) 如今进行时: am,is,are+动词如今分词
动词如今分词详解 动词的ing方法的构陈规则:
① 一般的直接在后边加上ing , 如doing , going , working , singing , eating
② 以e 结束的动词,要先去e再加ing,如having , writing
③ 双写最终一个字母的(此类动词很少)有:running , swimming , sitting , getting
三、句法
1.陈述句
(1) 必定句:是指用必定的口气来陈述的语句,如:
i'm a student. she is a doctor. he works in a hospital.
there are four fans in our classroom. he will eat lunch at 12:00. i watched tv yesterday evening.
(2) 否定句:富含否定词或标明否定意义词的语句,如:
i'm not a student. she is not (isn't) a doctor.
he does not (doesn't) work in a hospital. there are not (aren't) four fans in our classroom.
he will not (won't) eat lunch at 12:00. i did not (didn't) watch tv yesterday evening.
2. 疑问句
一般疑问句:是指问询实际的语句,此类语句有必要用“yes",或“no”来答复。
特别疑问句:以特别疑问词 (what , where , who , which , when , whose , why , how等) 最初引导的语句。此类语句大约问啥就答啥,不能用“yes /no”来答复。
3.there be句型
there be 句型与have, has的差异
1、there be 句型标明:在某地有某物(或人)
2、在there be 句型中,主语是奇数,be 动词用is ; 主语是复数,be 动词用are ; 如有几件物品,be 动词根据最*近be 动词的那个名词抉择。
3、there be 句型的否定句在be 动词后加not , 一般疑问句把 be 动词调到句首。
4、there be 句型与have(has) 的差异:there be 标明在某地有某物(或人); have(has) 标明或人具有某物。
5、some 和 any 在 there be 句型中的运用:some 用于必定句, any 用于否定句或疑问句。
6、and 和or 在there be句型中的运用:and 用于必定句, or 用于否定句或疑问句。
7、关于数量发问的特别疑问句的根柢规划是: how many + 名词复数 + are there + 介词短语? how much + 不可以数名词 + is there + 介词短语?
8、关于主语发问的特别疑问句的根柢规划是: what's + 介词短语?
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