初中英语知识归纳总结(打印版)(一)

初中英语知识归纳总结（打印版）
第一课时 ? 名 ? 词
一、概述
1、名词的属性：表示人或事物的名称抽象概念的词叫名词。
2、名词分普通名词和专有名词。普通名词是表示某一类人或事物，或某种物体或抽象概念的名称。如：teacher,
desks, plates, milk, box等，专有名词表示某一特定的人、事物、地方团体、党派、国家机关、语言、节日等专用的名称。（运用）如：china, chinese, saturday, june, green, beijing, olympic等。（专有名词的第一个字母要大写）
二、可数名词与不可数名词
1、可数名词是指表示人或事物，可以用数来计量的名词，有单复数之分。如：glass-----glasses;
book---- books
2、不可数名词是指所表示的事物不能用数来计量。
如：paper, rice, water , milk, tea等。
3、有些名词在特定情况下由不可数变为可数名词。
light travels faster than sound; ?(light：光线，不可数)
the lights are on.????????????????????????
(light：灯，可数)
4、不可数名词的量的表示
不可数名词一般无法用数来计算，前面不能用a或an或数词来表示数量，它的量往往借助于容器来表示。
如：a glass of milk ??????------ ?four glasses
of milk
? ? a piece of paper??????------??????two
pieces of paper
??????? a bag of rice????????????------??????three
bags of rice
三、可数名词的复数形式（识记、运用）
1、可数名词在应用时有单复数之分，单数变复数有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
规则变化

情 ? 况
变化形式
例词
一般情况
加-s
girls; books;
以s,x,ch,sh结尾的名词
加-es
classes; boxes; watches;brushes
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词
变y为i, 加es
city---cities; ?baby---babies
以f或fe结尾的名词
变f,fe为v, 加es
knife---knives; ?leaf---leaves
以o结尾的名词
potatoes; tomatoes；photos; kilos; bamboos; radios

2、少数名词有不规则的变化形式
policeman---policemen; ? man---men; ? woman---women;
tooth---teeth; ? foot---feet; ?sheep---sheep; ?deer---deer;
japanese--- japanese; ? chinese --- chinese; ? fish --- fish
四、名词所有格（运用）
名词的所有格是表示所有关系的形式，它也有构成上的变化。
1、单数名词变所有格，只需在词尾加 ’ s;
2、复数名词的词尾已有s，只需加 ’ 即可；
3、复数名词的词尾若没有 s ，则应加’ s ;
4、如果表示某人或物为两人所共有，则在第二个人后面加’
s ;
? ?如：da mao and xiao mao’s room
? ?如果不是两人共有，则在每个人后面都加 ’ s;
? ?如：li lei’s and tom’s mother
5、名词所有格结构通常用于表示有生命的名词，或表示时间、距离、地点等，而表示无生命名词的所有关系则用“of”表示。
? ?如: the windows of house ? the picture of the family
? ?of 结构也能用于有生命名词的所有格。
? a friend of my sister’s ? ?a book of his
第二课时 ? ?冠 ?词（一）
一、概述
冠词是一种虚词，在句子中不重读，本身不能独立使用。在汉语中没有这个词类。在学习冠词时，要注意这种加在名词前帮助说明名词所指的人或事物的词表示数量“一”时，与数词的区别；其表示“数量”的意义没有“one”强，这是学习中注意区别的。
二、冠词的定义
冠词是置于名词之前，说明名

词所表示的人或事物的一种虚词，它不能离开名词而单独存在。冠词有两种：
一种是定冠词(the definite article)；the
一种是不定冠词(the indefinite article). a ?an
三、不定冠词的用法
a用于辅音音素起首的单词前，an用于元音音素起首的单词前。
1、当第一次提到某人或某物时，用a或an起介绍作用，如：
what is this? ? ??????it is a bus.
who is she?????????????she
is a doctor.
2、表示泛指一类人或物
a snake is a cold-blood animal.
a plane is a machine that can fly.
3、表示某一类人或事物的任何一个。如：
she is a teacher;??????????????????????????????that
is an apple.
there is an elephant in the zoo.
4、可用于某些词组，是该词组不可缺少的组成部分。如：
a long time????????????????????????a
little????????????????????????a few
at a time??????????????????????????????have
a try??????????????????take a chance
5、表示“每一个”的意思。如：
three times a day??????????????????four
yuan a dozen
6、可用于抽象名词之前，使抽象名词具体化。如：
i am quite at a loss;
the little child is a joy to his parents.
7、用于物质名词之前，使物质名词普通化。如：
he drew out a tin of

pineapple.
they made a fire to get warm.
注意：
1、不定冠词an用在以元音（不是字母，而是发音）起首的名词或其他以元音起首的词之前，不定冠词a用在以辅音起首的名词或其他以辅音起首的词之前。
2、u和h有时在单词中发元音，有时却读作辅音或不发音。如：
i have been waiting for an hour.
he is an honest young fellow.
a hammer is a useful fool.
3、英语中有些字母，如f ?h ?l ?m ?n ?s ?x。由于它前头第一个音是元音，所以在单独使用或作缩略词的第一个字母时，应使用“an”，如：
there is an “n” in the word “no”.
an mp means a member of parliament.
第三课时 ?冠 ?词（二）
?
一、定冠词的用法
定冠词the 有this, that, these, those等意思，用于单数或复数名词前。主要用来特指，使一个或几个事物区别于所有其他同名的事物。
1、指前文已经提到过的人或事物。如：
i wrote an article. the article was about physics.
2、指说话人都知道的人或事物。如：
please close the door before you leave.
let’s go to the classroom.
3、名词有定语修饰时，须用定冠词the,表示特指意义。如：
the book on the desk is his.
the teacher who talked with you is her mother.
4、用于世界上独一无二的事物前。如：
the sun??????????????????the
moon??????????????????the earth????????????the sky???

?????????the
world
5、用在序数词前面表示顺序。如：
i live on the fourth floor.
my mother is always the first one to come and the last one to leave.
6、与其他词连用，构成固定词组。如：
on the left????????????in
the north????????????in the front of
7、在表示乐器名称的名词之前用定冠词。如：
the piano??????????????????the
violin
8、用在形容词或副词的最高级前面。如：
this was the most interesting voyage we had ever had.
he is the tallest of us.
9、用在形容词前面，表示复数意义的某一类人或事物。如：
the rich??????????????????the
poor????????????the young????????????the living
the new??????????????????the
right????????????the true????????????the beautiful
10、在表示江河、山脉、海湾、海峡、沙漠等专用名词之前加定冠词。如：
the changjiang river????????????????????????the
nile
the alps????????????????????????????????????????????????the
himalayas
11、用在年代、朝代、时代名词前。如：
the qin dynasty????????????????????????????????????the
ming dynasty
in the 50’s????????????????????

??????????????????????the
spring period
12、和表示姓氏名词的复数形式连用，表示某姓氏一家人或夫妇二人。如：
the lis??????????????????????????????the
martins
二、不用冠词的情况
1、除一些特殊情况外，专用名词以及抽象名词和物质名词前不加冠词。如：
man is mortal.
miss smith came in power at last.
2、当名词前已有this, that, my, his, any, every, some, no, those, these等词修饰时或有所有格修饰时，不必加冠词。如：
she is my sister.
this article you had written is very wonderful.
3、在交通工具、学科名称等名词前不加冠词。如：
by plane??????????????????by
boat??????????????????chinese????????????physics
4、在节日、假日、星期、月份、季节等名词前不加冠词。如：
national day????????????????????????????????????may
day
autumn??????????????????????????????????????????january
5、在一日三餐、体育类等名词前不加冠词。如：
he prefers milk and egg for breakfast.
he preferred to play football and i’d rather play tennis.
6、在唯一的职务、头衔的名词前不加冠词。如：
he is elected manager of our company.
people elected him president of that country last year.
7、在报纸标题、图像说明、文章题目、标志、广告前不加冠词。如：
worker’s mind
notes on the study of hong lou meng
8、在一些固定词组中不加冠词。如：
at home????????????????????????by
mistake????????????????????????learn by heart
at first????????????????????????at
last??????????????????????????????at once
by sea????????????????????????day
and night
?
第四课时 ? ?代 ? 词（一）
?
一、概述
代词是用来代替名词或名词短语的词。
代词的分类：
人称代词：表示“我”、“我们”、“你”“你们”、“他、她、它”、“他们”的词叫人称代词；
物主代词：表示所有关系的代词，分为形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词；
反身代词：表示动作反射到执行者本身或用来加强语气的代词；
指示代词：表示能替代名词或替代形容词的词；
不定代词：表示不指明替代任何特定名词的代词。
疑问代词：表示替代人或物且含有疑问语气的代词。
?
二、人称代词

?
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
复数
单数
复数
单数
复数
主格
i
we
you
you
he, she, it
they
宾格
me
us
you
you
him, her,it
them

人称代词在句中可作主语、宾语、表语。
1、主格在句中作主语，宾格在句中作宾语。
she gave these books to you and me;
you must look after them;
2、当并列代词作主语时，i 放在最后。顺序为你，他，我
you, he and i are going to spend the winter holidays in beijing.
?
?
?
三、物主代词
物主代词包括形容词性物主代词和名词性物主代词两种，有人称和数不清变化形式。

?
第一人称
第二人称
第三人称
单数
复数
单数
复数
单数
复数
形容词性
my
our
your
your
his, her, its
their
名词性
mine
ours
yours
yours
his, hers,its
theirs

形容词性物主代词只能作定语修饰名词，如：
my watch; ?your books ; ?their names;
名词性物主代词在句中可单独作用，可作主语、宾语和表语，后面不跟名词，英语中说：“我的一位朋友”，要用“a
friend of mine”。
有些结构中常用the 替代物主代词
he had a cold in the head.（the意思是his）
my mother took me by the arm. （the意思是her）
?
四、反身代词

单数
myself
yourself
himself; herself; itself
复数
ourselves
yourselves
themselves

反身代词在句中可以加强语气，用作宾语和同位语。
he himself has finished it .（作同位语）
he has taught himself russian for 5 years .（作宾语）
i did it mysldf. （加强语气）
某些固定结构：by oneself; ?fo oneself; ?among themselves
they made the machine all by themselves.
he cooked a meal for himself.
?
?
?
?
第五课时 ? ?代 ? 词（二）
一、指示代词
指示代词有：this; that; these; those
this, these 表示“这”、“这些”，是“近指”。
that, those表示“那”、“那些”，是“远指”。
注意：在电话用语里面，用this代替自己，that代替对方。如：
who’s that? ? ? this is tom speaking
二、不定代词
英语中有以下不定代词：all, each, every, both, either, neither, one,
none, little(a little), few(a few), many, much, other, another, some, any, no还有由some, any , no every构成的代词。
1）both, all
both 是指“两者都”，而all则是指“三者或三者以上都”，如：
? both of us are right.
? all of you are good at playing basketball.
但all 还可以组成固定短语 all day, ?all this, ?all the time等
2) either, neither
either 是指“两者之中任何一个……“属于部分否定，而neither则是“两者之中一个也不……“属全部否定
either of the books will do.
neither of the answers is right.
而either还可出现在否定句子里，可与neither进行句型转换。如：
tom hasn’t been to america, jim hasn’t, either
= neither tom nor jim has been to america.
而neither (nor) 也可用于表示“也不……”，构成“neither (nor)
+助动词+主语”的句式。
kate isn’t a worker, neither is meimei.
3) little, a little, few, a few
little, a little修饰不可数名词； few , a few修饰可数名词；
little, few表示否定，“几乎没有”
a little, a few表示肯定，相当于some, any.
there is a little milk in the glass.
there are few students in the classroom, they’re in the reading-room.
4) every, each
every, each都是强调每一个，every 作定语修饰名词。如：
the bus comes every five minutes.
each of them may come at a different time.
5) some , any
6) 由some, any, no, every组成的不定代词
something, someone, somebody, somewhere, anything, anyone, anybody, anywhere,
nothing, none, nobody, nowhere, everything,everyone, everybody, everywhere.
三、疑问代词
疑问代词用来构成疑问句，一共有五个：
who, whom, whose, what, which.
第六课时 ?数 ? 词
?
一、基数词
基数词表示数量

one
two
three
four
five
six
seven
eight
nine
ten
eleven
twelve
thirteen
fourteen
fifteen
sixteen
seventeen
eighteen
nineteen
twenty
thirty
forty
fifty
sixty
seventy
eighty
ninety
twenty-one
thirty-eight
fifty-three
a hundred
a thousand
a million
a billion

注意：表示具体数目的hundren, thousand, million等均不用复数，百位数和十位数之间通常加连词and；十位数与个位数之间要加连字符。
二、序数词

first
second
third
fourth
fifth
sixth
seventh
eighth
ninth
tenth
eleventh
twelfth
thirteenth
fourteenth
fifteenth
sixteenth
seventeenth
eighteenth
nineteenth
?
twentieth
thirtieth
fortieth
fiftieth
sixtieth
seventieth
eightieth
ninetieth
hundredth
twenty-first
ninety-ninty
a hundred and fifty-third

序数词的缩写形式：由阿拉伯数字后加上序数词的最后两个字母。
first---1st?????? ? ?second --- 2nd ? ?tenth
--- 10th
三、时间和年月日表示法
1、时间均用基数词表示：
1）顺读法，先说“点钟”，再说“分钟”，如：
? ?2:15 ? two fifteen ? ? ?6:20 ? ?six twenty
2）逆读法
30分钟以内：“分钟数+ past +钟点数”，如：
? ?3:20 --- twenty past three ? ? 2:10 --- ten past two
半小时用 half，15分钟用 a quarter :
? ?2:15 --- a quarter past two ? ?3:30 --- half past three
30分钟以外要用：“分钟数+ to + 下一个钟点”，如：
? ?4:35 --- twenty-five to five ? ?2:55 --- five to three
2）年月日表示法
? ?年份读法；月日读法；年月日一起读法。
四、分数的表示法
当分数中表示分子的数只含个位数时一般采用“分子（用基数词）+分母（用序数词）”表示。（分子大于1时，分母序数词用复数）如：
one-third; ?two-thirds; ?three twenty-seconds
五、数词与名词的搭配
1）数词与名词连用时，它们的次序是“名词+基数词”
? ?lesson 15; ? room 1506 或者用“the + 序数词 + 名词”
? ?the fifteenth lesson ? ? ? the third floor
2）数词与小时的搭配
? ?two hours and a half ? ? ?three hours
? ?half an hour
第七课时 ?形容词
一、概述
形容词修饰名词，说明人或事物或特征。在句中可作定语、表语、宾语补足语。
the beautiful girl is tom’s sister.（充当定语）
three is nothing serious, is there?（充当定语，修饰不定代词的形容词及短语要放在不定代词之后）
the shoes in the shop were not very expensive.（作表语）
the old are looked after well.（有些形容词和定冠词the连用时，表示一类人或物，其谓语动词用复数形式）
二、形容词比较级及最高级的形式
1、绝大部分双音节形容词和单音节形容词的比较等级变化是规则变化。

情 ? ? 况
变 化 形 式
举 ? ?例
一般情况
在词尾直接加-er ; ?-est
small - smaller - smallest
以e结尾的词
在词尾加 –r ; - st ;
large - larger - largest
以辅音字母+y结尾
变y为i，加- er; -est
happy- happier- happiest
以一个元音字母加一个辅音字母结尾，而且是重读闭音节
将该辅音字母双写，再加
-er ; -est
fat – fatter – fattest
thin – thinner – thinnest
big – bigger – biggest
hot – hotter - hottest

2、部分双音节和多音节形容词比较级和最高级变化形式在多音节形容词前加more或most
beautiful – more beautiful – most beautiful
useful – more useful – most useful
3、不规则形容词比较级和最高级形式：
good, well – better – best ??????????????????bad,
ill – worse – worst
many, much – more – most ??????????????????little
– less – least
far – farther, further – farthest, furthest
三、形容词的比较等级的用法
1、当a=b时，则用as（副）…as（介，连）…，中间用形容词或副词的原级。表示甲与乙在某方面一样
? ?he is as tall as i (me)
2、a≠b，则用not as(so)…as… 表示甲与乙在某方面不一样。
? ?he is not so tall as i = he is shorter than i =i’m taller than he
? ?the boy isn’t as careful as that one
? = this boy isn’t as careful than that one
3、比较级+than 形式
? ?this lesson is more difficult than that one
? ?she is fatter than kate
4、the+最高级+(in of)短语
? ?miss zhou is one of the most popular in our class
? ?he is the oldest of the three
? ?of 常与名词复数或表示数量的词连用。表示“在…之中”这一。in常与表示范围或场所的名词连用“在…范围之中”
四、形容词比较级特殊用法
1）more and more比较级连用表示“越来越……”
? ?in spring the weather gets warmer and warmer.
? ?he is getting busier and busier.
2）the more … the more 越…就越…
? ?the larger the bus is , the more people it can carry.
? ?the farther away an object is from us, the smaller it looks.
3）比较级形式表达最高级：
比较级+than any other+名词单数；
比较级+than the other+名词复数
? ?he is clever than any other boy
---- he is the clevest of all the boys
---- he is clever than the other boys
4、修饰比较级的副词有much, even , quite , a little, a lot等表示“得多”“甚至”，表示程度。
第八课时 ?副 ?词
一、概述
副词是用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词的词，表示动作的特征、状态的特征或某种性质的程度。
二、副词的分类
时间副词、地点副词、方式副词、疑问副词及程度副词。
1、时间副词：时间副词表达的内涵包括回答“什么时候”或“经常与否”
a: how, then, yesterday, last time, today, just now, later on, so far, ago;
b: always, often, usually, sometimes, never, hardly, ever;
c: already, yet, late, early, soon, at once, at last, finally, at first, since;
2、地点副词：表示地点或位置关系的副词。
a: here, there, home, anywhere, everywhere;
b: above, below, down, up, out, in, across, back, over, round, away, near;
注：b类中表示位置的副词有时也可作介词。
如：come in, please----- they live in the next room.
3、方式副词：badly, carefully ,politely, sadly, suddenly, happily. well,
fast, high, hard.
4、 程度副词：常见的有: much, a little, a bit, very, even, so, too,
enough, quite, rather, completely, terribly, nearly, hardly, not at all。这些副词多用来修饰形容词、副词或动词以加强语气。
5、 疑问副词：是用来引导一个特殊问句，有时用来引导时间状语从句或宾语从句。
疑问副词有：how, when, where, why, who
6、部分副词的用法：
1）too, either, also都是表示“也”。
too和either都用于句末，too用于肯定句中，either用于否定句及一般疑问句中，also放在句子中，be动词前，实义动词后。
2）so, neither都可以用在倒装句的开头。
so接在肯定句后表示“也一样”，句式：so+助动词+主语；
neither接在一个否定句后面表示“也不，没…….”
句式：neither+助动词+主语
i have read the book, so has he.
jim didn’t win the game, neither did tom.
3）already, yet
already 和yet通常用于现在完成时中，already用于肯定句，yet用于否定句和疑问句中。
he has already finished his homework.
jim hasn’t come back yet.
7、副词的比较等级
副词和形容词一样，也有比较级和最高级，其变化形式与形容词的比较比较级和最高级一样。
第九课时 ?介 ?词
一、知识概述
介词是一种虚词，一般在句子中不重读，也不能单独充当句子成分，但与它的介词宾语一起构成介词短语，就可以在句子中作状语、定语和表语。
介词又称前置词，一般位于名词或代词的前面，表示该词与句子其他成分的关系。在学习介词时，最重要的是掌握介词的用法，动介词组的搭配，时间介词、方位介词、方向介词、位置介词、成语介词以及动向介词和静向介词的比较和区别。
二、介词的定义及句法功能
介词是一种虚词，在句中不单独作任何句子成分，只表示其后的名词或相当于名词的词语与其他句子成分的关系。介词后的名词，或相当于名词的其他词组、短语或从句，称为介词宾语。介词和介词宾语一起构成介词短语。介词短语在句中主要用作定语、状语、表语和宾语补足语。
the boy over there is my brother.（作定语）
a friend in need is a friend indeed.（作定语）
i shall meet you at the entrance of qianmen hotel.（作地点状语）
to their surprise, they saw not locusts, but seagulls.（作原因状语）
i’ll be in the office every afternoon.（作表语）
he isn’t at home（作表语）
the farmer made the king out of the water.（作宾语补足语）
i found everything in good order（作宾语补足语）
三、介词与其他词类的固定搭配。
介词和动词、形容词、名词等常构成固定搭配。也就是说，在这些词的后面，常常要求用一定的介词。
1、形容词与介词的固定搭配
有些形容词后面要求用固定的介词，这类介词常见的有：
about, at, for, from, in, of, to, with
（1） 形容词+about
careful about??????????????????hopeful
about??????????????????sure about
he is careless about his clothes
（2）形容词 +at
good at????????????????????????surprised
at??????????????????angry at
（3）形容词 + for
famous for??????????????????ready
for????????????????????????sorry for
i’m terrible sorry for telling him the truth.
（4）形容词 + from
different from????????????safe
from
he was absent from class this morning
my sister is different from me in many ways.
（5）形容词 + in
interested in??????????????????successful
in
he is interested in making model ships.
2、名词与介词的固定搭配
（1） 名词 + for
he made up an excuse for being late.
did you find the cause for your failure?
（2） 名词 + in
he has some difficulty in translating the book
she has made great progress in english.
（3） 名词 + of
she found another way of solving the problem
he forms a bad habit of getting up late
（4） 名词 + on
there have been several attacks on foreigners recently.
have pity on me!
（5） 名词 + with
i wanted to have a talk with you
he is always getting into trouble with the police
第十课时 ? ?连 ?词
一、知识概述
连词是一种虚词，不能在句子中单独作句子成分，也没有句子重音，在句子中只起连接词与词、短语与短语、句子与句子以及从句的作用。连词分为并列连词和从属连词两种。并列连词是连接彼此并列关系的词。从属连词是用来引导从句的词。
二、并列连词
并列连词用来连接具有并列关系的词、短语或句子。并列连词按其作用可分为表示转折、因果、选择和联合关系等四大类。
表示联合关系的连词，常见的有：and, not only……but also, as
well as, both…and, neither…nor….
written english is more or less the same in both britain and american.
they were very surprised and i knew that i had done the right thing.
work hard and you’ll pass the exam
=if you work hard, you’ll pass the exam.
while i was in the university, i learned both english and japanese.
both european and asian speak russia
you can’t speak both american english and british english at the same time.
neither tom nor you are a driver.
neither i nor he has seen the play.
neither of us is a teacher
you don’t like it, neither do i .
she is beautiful as well as clever.
he is a great writer as well as a famous doctor.
三、从属连词
从属连词是用来连接各种从句的词
1、连接主语从句、表语从句与宾语从句的连词只有三个，即that,
if, whether。如：
ask her if she will come with me.
the reason is that she never wasted her time.
i don’t know whether he had passed the exam.
2、引导状语从句的从属连词
(1) 连接时间状语从句的从属连词有：since, until, after, before,
when, while, as soon as, whenever.
i’ll tell you as soon as i know.
(2) 连接地点状语从句的从属连词有: where, wherever
sit wherever you like.
i found my books where i had left them.
(3) 连接让步状语从句的从属连词有：although, though, even if,
however.
although she was tired, she kept on working.
(4) 连接原因状语从句的从属连词有：as, because, since, now that,
he was absent because he was ill.
(5) 连接目的状语从句的从属连词有：that, so that, in order that.
he raised his voice so that we could hear him.
(6) 连接条件状语从句的从属连词有：if, unless, once, in case.
you’ll miss the train unless you hurry up.
(7) 连接结果状语从句的从属连词有：so…that, such…that.
he came so late that he missed the class.
(8) 连接比较状语从句的从属连词有：as…as…, not so…as…,
less(more)…than, the …the…
this is more than i can accept.
(9) 连接方式状语从句的从属连词有：as, as if
it looks as if it was going to rain.
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第十一课时 ? ?动 ?词（一）
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一、知识概述
在英语中，每个句子必须有一个动词来担当谓语。说明主语“是什么”或“做什么”，动词是表示动作或状态的词。动词和名词、代词一样，有人称和数的变化。谓语动词的人称和数一般要与主语的人称和数保持一致。
学好了英语动词相当于学好了一半的英语语法，可见英语动词的重要性。在初中英语中，动词的分类、动词的时态和语态以及动词的各种形式之间的联系，非谓语动词的构成、用法等等贯穿整个初中课本，包括英语句型都离不开动词时态或语态，因此在学习时特别要注意英语中时态的运用和语态之间的区别。
二、动词的分类及作用
按照动词的词义和在句中的作用，英语动词可分为行为动词（又叫实义动词）、连系动词、助动词和情态动词。
1、行为动词
表示动作或状态，能独立作谓语。如：
she took pictures of trees
he is typing letters.
行为动词又分为及物动词和不及物动词。
（1）及物动词
及物动词后面必须跟宾语，意思才完整。
i enjoyed the film very much
i gave the child another piece of cake.
常见的能带两个宾语的动词有：
bring, build, buy, cook, cut, draw, find, get, hand, leave, lend, make, offer, pass, pay, read, return, sell, show, teach, tell, write, etc.
（2）不及物动词
本身词义完整，后面不要求跟宾语。如：
horses run fast.
they work in a factory.
she curled up in bed and began her book.
2、连系动词
（1）本身有词义，不能在句子中单独作谓语，必须和表语一起构成谓语。常见的连系动词有：be, look, get, feel, sound, turn, smell, taste, become.
my father is an engineer.
my brother has become a doctor.
it seems that he was a millionaire.
i don’t feel very well today.
（2）表示感觉知觉的动词可以是连系动词，如feel, touch, sound, smell.
i can smell the sea.
the customs officer looked carefully at their suitcases.
i feel a pain in the arm.
she looked worried about it.
3、动词与介词的固定搭配
动词与介词的搭配主要指下列两种形式：
（1）动词+宾语+介词
the song always reminds me of my school days.
parents usually expect a lot of their children.
i often take her for her sister.
he hide everything from me.
the headmaster praised the boy for his courage.
they supplied people with enough food and drink.
they presented us with a lot of flowers.
the man was charged with mueder.
（2）动词+反身代词+介词
dress oneself in;??????????????????????????????prepare oneself for
give oneself to??????????????????????????????pride oneself on
he gives himself to pop music.
she always dresses herself in white.
第十二课时 ? ?动 ?词（二）
一、动词的形式
大多数动词有四种基本形式：
1、现在式；2、过去式；3、过去分词；4、现在分词；
现在式是字典中所给的形式，也可称为动词原形。按照动词各种形式的构成方法，动词可分为规则动词和不规则动词两类。
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1、第三人称单数形式；加-s的规则
动词一般现在时单数第三人称形式的构成和名词复数的构成法及读音完全一样。

情 ? 况
变化形式
例词
一般情况
加-s
helps ?makes ?gets
以s,x,ch,sh,o结尾的名词
加-es
guesses ?fixes ?goes ?washes
以辅音字母加y结尾的名词
变y为i, 加es
flies ?cries ?tries ?studies

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2、动词的过去式和过去分词：构成动词-ed形式的规则。
（1）规则变化的过去式和过去分词的构成是一样的。都加-ed。

构成规则
动词原形
变化后
一般在动词原形末尾加ed
look ?play
looked ?played
结尾是e的动词加d
live ?hope
lived ? hoped
以辅音字母加y的动词，改y为i加ed
study ?carry
studied ?carried
重读闭音节的，又写最后一个辅音字母，再加ed
stop ? drop ? fit
stopped ? dropped
fitted

（2）不规则动词的过去式及过去分词的形式是不规则的，可以查不规则动词变化形式表。
1 有些动词的三种形式一样。如：
bet ;??????????????????????????????burst;????????????????????????cast;????????????????????????cost;
cut;??????????????????????????????hit;??????????????????????????????hurt;????????????????????????let;????????????
read;??????????????????????????????shut;????????????????????????spread
2 下面是一些易误用的不规则动词
bear, bore, born??????????????????bite, bit, bitten??????????????????blow, blew, blown
draw, drew, drawn????????????drink, drank, drunk??????eat, ate, eaten
fly, flew, flown??????????????????hide, hid, hidden????????????lend, lent, lent
mean, meant, meant????????????ride, rode, ridden????????????rise, rose, risen
shake, shook, shaken????????????swim, swam, swum??????tear, tore, torn
throw, threw, thrown????????????wear, wore, worn
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3、英语动词的现在分词，一般在动词末尾加-ing。

规 ?则
变化形式
例 ?词
一般情况
加ing
going ?asking
以不发音的e结尾的
去e,再加ing
writing ?closing
以重读闭音节结尾的
双写最后一个辅音字母，再加ing
getting ?beginning
以ie结尾的
先将ie变为y，再加ing
dying ?lying tying

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第十三课时 ? ?动 ?词（三）
教学重点
一、助动词
助动词本身没有词义，不能单独作谓语，只能和主要动词一起构成谓语动词，表示否定、疑问、时态、语态等语法形式，或用来加强语气。常用的助动词有:be, do, have, shall, will等。它们的具体用法如下：
（1）助动词be
a. 可用于构成进行时态
she is doing her homework now.
i asked him what he had been doing all afternoon.
b. 可用于构成被动语态
the baby was put in bed by his mother.
the invitation was received yesterday.
c. 可与动词不定式构成谓语
these books are not to be taken out of the room.
she is to arrive at six this morning.
（2）助动词have
a. 构成完成时态
i have not seen him for three years.
how long has your uncle taught in the village?
he had lived in scotland for fifteen years before he came to england.
b. 和动词不定式构成谓语，表示因客观环境促使不得不做的事情
she had to go shopping yesterday.
（3）助动词do
a. 构成疑问句和否定句
did anyone sharpen this knife?
i don’t think you are right.
b．用来加强语气
i do want to have a talk with you
do come and see me.
c．用来代替动词词组
have you finished your work?????????????yes, i did yesterday.
he plays basketball well. so does his brother.
（4）助动词shall
构成将来时态，单纯表示未来情况
i shall not be back tonight.
we shall pay a visit to the banpo ruins next month.
（5）助动词will
构成将来时，用于第一、二、三人称。如：
they will move to a new house.
she will not eat any solid food.
注意：
（1）have to 与must的区别
must是情态动词，意思是“必须”、“应该”、“一定要”，后接动词原形。must的否定形式为mustn’t.构成疑问句时，肯定回答一般用must。否定回答用needn’t或don’t have to 表示“不必”。如：
must i do it now ?
yes, you must????????????no, you needn’t.
have to 表示“不得不，必须”，可用于多种时态。
i missed the train, so i had to take a taxi.
i’m sorry i won’t go with you, i’ll have to go to the bank.
we don’t have to install this new television set.
（2）used to 表示过去常常，而现在不再有的习惯。其否定形式为: used not to, usedn’t (usen’t) to , didn’t use to.
i used to go to work by bus. now i go by car.
i used to collect stamps when i was a boy.
used they to have a lot more free time ?
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第十四课时 ? ?动 ?词（四）
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教学重点
情态动词
（1）情态动词表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或表示主观设想。情态动词有自己的词义，但不能单独作谓语动词，必须和不带to的动词不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化，常用的情态动词有can, may, must, will, shall, should, would, need, dare.
1 情态动词有自己的词义，表示说话人对某一动作或状态的态度，或主观设想。如：
you may go now.
this bus can seat 40 people.
the work must be finished as soon as possible.
2 情态动词不能单独作谓语，必须和不带to的不定式连用，没有人称和数的变化。
3 情态动词有现在式和过去式两种形式。
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（2）情态动词的用法。
1 may的用法
a. 表示允许或征询对方的许可，有“可以”的意思。may not表示说话人“不许可”，如：
you may go now.
may i use you typewrite?
you may not go=i do not permit you to go.
b. 在回答may引导的疑问句时，肯定回答用yes, you may否定用no, you mustn’t. no, you can’t或no, you had better not.
2 can的用法
a．表示能力，有“能、会、能够”的意思。
b. 表示允许，在口语中代替may，有“可以的意思。
c. 表示“可能性”，常用于否定句或疑问句。
the hall can hold at least 200 people.
the librarian said we could take these books.
today is sunday, he can’t be at school today.
d. can和be able to的用法比较
can用来表达能力时，由于只有现在时和过去时两种形式，其他时态要用be able to来表达。如：
i can play piano.
he has not been able to finish the work in time.
3 must 的用法
a. must表示必须，应该。如：
must i come to the party?
the article must be completed before friday.
b. must的否定形式mustn’t, 表示“不应该、不可以、禁止”。如：
you mustn’t get to school too late.
must i do it now???????yes, you must. ? ? no, you needn’t
she must have gone to beijing.
you must say sorry to me for that
you mustn’t clean only own room.
4 need的用法
a. need作为情态动词主要用于否定句和疑问句，较少用于肯定句。如：
i needn’t wear a coat. = i don’t think i need wear a coat.
i don’t need things like that.
5 shall
用于第二、第三人称，表示说话人的意愿。如:
he shall get his money.
you shall do exactly as you wish.
shall i turn on the light?
shall i poen the window?
6 would的用法
表示愿望、决心、建议或看法，如：
i would like to go there.
i promised that i would do my best.
表示过去的习惯.
he would often come to my house to see me.
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