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所属分类:英语资源
原标题:怎样正确区别口语和书面英语?
因为交际方法和运用场合的不一样,英语中有口语和书面语两种语体的差异。这两种语体在表达方法、词汇特征和语句特征上都有不少差异。正确区别运用这两种语体才干恰当精确地表达自个的思维。但实践情况是,许多人对口语体和书面体并没有一个清楚的概念,这致使他们在口语和写作中常常用词不当。今日这篇文章尽力于讲理解如何区别并正确运用口语和书面体。
英国专家h.e.帕麦尔在《英语口语语法》一书中对“口头”和“书面”英语做了这样的界说:“口头英语”是指受过教育的人在往常的会话以及写信给亲近的兄弟时运用的英语,而“书面英语”是指在书本、报纸、谈论、正式函件以及在正式商洽中(特别是在陌生人之间)运用的英语。口语和书面体首要有以下几个方面的差异。
壹
表达场合与表达方法不一样
在口语交际中,交际两边可以根据音量、重音、语速等音质来传达不一样的信息,一起,说话者还可以凭仗表情和手势等方法来对言语进行弥补。因而,口语表达一般较为活络,一起伴随有省掉、重复、中止等特征。
书面语脱节了时刻和空间的捆绑,不依靠于手势、音质等副言语,因而独立性会更高,一起因为作者有满足的时刻进行构思批改,书面语会愈加精确、紧密和无缺。
贰
词汇特征不一样
口语和书面体最大的差异在词汇的选择上。口语体常常运用非正式用词或许带有显着口语颜色的词语(比方习语和俚语),而书面体顶用词则会愈加正式,比方运用各种“大词”以及拉丁语等。
举个比方,在口语中咱们可以会说:she was kind of strange, but i liked her.其间 kind of 就是典型的口语用词,这句话假定要用书面语表达出来,可以改成:she was somewhat strange, but i liked her.
又比方,在口语中可以说:he quitted his job and planned to go travelling around the world.其间 quit his job 以及 go travelling the world 归于非正式表达,在正式写作中可以改成he left his job and planned to travel around the world. 或许是he resigned and planned to travel around the world.
此外,书面语中相关词的运用也与口语有所不一样,比方口语中常常运用 and 以及 so,而书面语中则会运用therefore, thus, hence, as a result, accordingly, consequently 等。
英国作家 a.g. gardiner 早年写过一篇很风趣的文章 on big words,从文章里边咱们可以看到口语和书面语的词汇差异:
i was cutting down the nettles by the hedge with a billhook when a small man with spectacles, a straw hat, a white alpaca jacket, and a book under his arm came up, stopped, and looked on. i said "good evening," and he said "good evening." then, pointing to my handiwork, he remarked:
"you find the nettles very difficult to eradicate?"
i said i found them hard to keep down.
"they disseminatethemselves most luxuriantly," he said.
i replied that they spread like the dickens.
"but they have their utility in the economy of nature," he said.
i replied that nature was welcome to them as far as i was concerned.
he then remarked that it was most salubriousweather, and i agreed that it had been a fine day. but he was afraid, he said, that the aridityof the season was deleterious to the crops, and i replied that my potatoes were doing badly. after that, i think, it occurred to him that we did not speak the same language, and with another "good evening" he passed on and i returned to the attack on the nettles.
上面这段对话中两自个言语个性悬殊,文中的“我”用词天然,是典型的往常日子口语。而手夹书本,头戴帽子的那自个说话则装模作样,故意在对话里边运用 eradicate, disseminate, luxuriantly 这些只需在书面语中才会呈现的大词,作用适得其反。
从这儿咱们也可以得到启示:要辨明口语词汇和书面语词汇,避免在写作中运用过多非正式表达,一起也避免在口语中堆砌大词。
叁
语句特征不一样
英语口语体常常运用简略句,而且会呈现规划不无缺的语句,而书面语除了运用简略句外还常常运用并排句和复合句,语句逻辑联络紧密,逻辑稳重。从语法的视点来讲,书面语常用非人称做语句主语,而口语一般用人称代词作主语,举个比方:
what we need is more information about the missing plane. (书面语)
we need to know more about the missing plane. (口语)
此外,书面语常用分词短语、分词、独立规划做状语,而口语常用并排句或从句;书面语常用从句、复合句等凌乱句式,而口语中多用小句。举个比方:
(1) 主从复合句
she was so angry that she could not control herself. (书面语)
she couldn't control herself; she was very angry. (口语)
(2) 动名词
arriving at the station, i found the train gone. (书面语)
when i go
t to the station, i found the train had already gone. (口语)
(3) 不定式
to buy a car at this point is not necessary.(书面语)
it is not necessary to buy a car at this point. (口语)
此外,在严肃的学术写作中不答应呈现缩略词,而在口语中常常呈现缩略词,比方:
the boy has been in the kindergarten for three days. (书面语)
the boy's stayed in the kindergarten for three days. (口语)
肆
怎样非常好地掌控口语体和书面体
对英语母语者来说,恰当运用口语体和书面语体几乎是一种下知道的行为(就像咱们能轻松区别中文口语和书面语相同),但关于外语学习者来说,因为他们的英文输入量远远小于母语者,因而一般难以构成像母语者那样敏锐的语体分辩才能,这致使他们在平常写作和口语中常常会用词不当。
举个比方,我迩来在批改一篇雅思作文的时分看到了这样一个语句:many students find it cool to take a gap year.这儿 cool 对错正式用词,不能放在雅思作文这种学术写作中。
要用好口语和书面体,咱们需要进行许多有关于性的练习。
关于书面英语练习,可以阅览一些优良的书面英语材料,比方《经济学人》和《年代周刊》,这些外刊用词非常稳重精确。翻开《经济学人》杂志,你会发现其间有些文章用词精准得像制导炸弹,令人拍案叫绝。一些文学经典(比方 the great gatsby)以及名家散文,甚至是美国总统的竞选讲演稿,都是值得咱们学习的材料。
关于口语体练习,可以多学习一些靠迩来常日子的材料,比方词汇量需求低的原版书,假定是热销书非常好,比方 charlotte's web,the hou查找引擎优化n mango street, the seven habits of highly efficient people 等。另外,还可以选择与往常日子比照靠近、故作业节较强的影视材料。举荐美国中产阶层番笕剧desperate housewives(绝望的主妇),该剧言语较为简略地道,包括了往常日子中常见的口语表达,对错常抱负的口语体特征学习材料。
除了学习不一样材料之外,咱们还要学会查词典。假定不理解一个词究竟归于口语仍是书面用词,记住去翻一翻词典中对应的符号。以朗文英英5词典为例,假定对错正式用词,词典上会带有 informal 标识(比方上面说到的 quit):
假定是只呈如今口语中的词,会带有 spoken 标识(比方 kind of):
假定是很正式的书面用词,则带有 formal 标识(比方 therefore):
一般情况下,咱们在学术写作中尽量不要运用带有 spoken 标志的词,少用带有 informal 标志的词,运用带有 formal 标志的词则要查看该词是不是契合文章全体用词调性。
值得阐明的一点是,口语体和书面体之间并不存在一条泾渭清楚的鸿沟。在口语和书面交流中选用啥样的言语个性,一般要根据不一样的说话场合和交流意图来断定。举个比方,在英美儿童书本中,作者有时分为了照看低年纪的读者会运用与口语非常接近的书面语。又比方在讲演、求职面试、论文辩论等正式场合,我们一般会运用与书面语非常接近的口语。
下面是交际部新闻讲话人陆慷承受美国nbc记者的采访视频,从视频中可以看出,陆慷运用的口语与书面语根柢没有差异。整个采访进程中他的用词和逻辑都非常稳重,充分展示了一名优良交际官的本质。
口语式或书面语式的言语运用一般取决于语境与说话者本身的意图。在充分晓得两种语体差异的基础上,咱们要关于不一样的场合、意图及交际目标,选择恰当的言语和表达方法,这样才干抵达抱负的交流作用。
这篇文章转发自微信大众号“英文悦读”(id:read_the_economist),作者魏剑峰。这篇文章已获转发授权,版权归作者一切,如需转发,请联络原大众号“英文悦读”。
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