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一．几个根柢概念
1.定语从句的界说：用作定语的从句叫定语从句。
2.先行词：被定语从句所润饰的名词或代词。
3.定语从句的方位：紧跟先行词（名词或代词）之后。
4.引导词：引导定语从句的词（包括联络代词和联络副词）。
﹙1﹚联络代词：that/who/whom/which/as
﹙2﹚联络副词：when/where/why
5.引导词的方位：位于定语从句之前（先行词之后）。【as在外】
6.引导词的功用（作用）：
﹙1﹚联接先行词和定语从句。
﹙2﹚在定语从句中充当必定的成分（联络代词充当主语或宾语，联络副词充当状语）。
7.定语从句的类型：
﹙1﹚限制性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间无逗号）。
① 直接由引导词引导定语从句
The man who you’re talking to is my friend.
?
② 由介词+联络代词（whom/which）引导
The man to whom you’re talking is my friend.
?
I need a pen with which I can write a letter.
=I need a piece of paper on which I can write a letter.
?
介词的选用可根据从句中的有关词组断定，该介词一般可以放在联络代词之前，也可放在从句之尾。例如：
The man (who/whom/that) I talked about at the meeting is from Beijing University.
=The man about whom I talked at the meeting is from Beijing University.
The palace (which/that) I often pay a visit to was built in the 17th century.
=The palace to which I often pay a visit was built in the 17th century.
﹙2﹚非限制性定语从句（主句和定语从句之间用逗号离隔）。
① 直接由引导词引导定语从句。
② 由介词+联络代词（whom/which）引导。
I live in a house far away from the city, in front of which is a big tree.
There is an apple tree standing at the gate, on which are many apples.
This is the man to whom I gave the book.
③ 由“代词/名词+of+whom/which”或“of which/ whom +名词/代词”(先行词指
人用whom,指物用which)引导。One, some, any, none, all, both, several, many, most, neither, either等词、数词、分数或百分比与of whom或of which连用。
He has five children, two of whom are abroad.
(比照：He has five children, and two of them are abroad.)
We have three books, none of which is/are interesting.
(比照：We have three books, but none of them is/are interesting.)
除why和that不能引导非限制性定语从句外，其他引导词都可以，用法同限制性定语从句相同。但要留心以下差异。
1.在方法上非限制性定语从句与主句有逗号离隔。
2.非限制性定语从句的作用：它只是弥补阐明先行词的情况，翻译时可译成两个语句。
The engineer, whose leg was badly hurt, was quickly sent to hospital.
（那位工程师被很快送往医院，其腿部受了重伤）
The engineer whose leg was badly hurt was quickly sent to hospital.
（那位腿部受了重伤的工程师被很快送往医院）
3.在非限制性定语从句中，任何引导词都不能省掉（包括引导词在此定语从句中充当宾语在内）。指人做主语时只能用who, 做宾语时用whom;
指物做主语，宾语都用which; 联络副词用when或where，也不能省掉。
The man, ______ is sitting on the chair, is my father.
The woman, _______ I met yesterday, is my English teacher.
The city, _______ is far away, is very beautiful.
He went to America, ______ his parents live.
He joined the Army yesterday, ______ I left, too.
4.whose引导非限制性定语从句：
The house, whose window faces south, is mine.
=The house, the window of which faces south, is mine.
＝The house, of which the window faces south, is mine.
二.定语从句中联络代词和联络副词的根柢用法。
1.who/that指人是主格在定语从句中替代先行词，又作定语从句的主语，不能省掉。
Do you know the gentleman who/that is sitting there?
2.whom/who/that指人是宾格，在定语从句中替代先行词，又作定语从句的宾语（动宾或介宾）。
① 当作动宾（动词后接宾语）时，联络代词可省掉。
Do you know the gentleman (whom/who/that) we met just now?
② 当作介宾（介词后接宾语）时：
介词不提前时，联络代词可省掉；
介词提前时，联络代词不可以省，即介词＋whom(指人时介词后的联络代词只能用whom)。
The man (whom/who/that) I spoke with is my teacher.
The man with whom I spoke is my teacher.
※注：固定的动词短语（动词+介词）如look for, take care of等不能把动词与介词拆开，既介词不能提至引稻褪前。
She is the right girl (who/whom/that) we are looking for.
3.whose: 指人或物，是一切格“…的”方法。Whose+n.一同在定语从句中充当主语、宾语（动宾或介宾）即先行词的啥东西怎样了，whose不能省掉。。Whose+n. = the +n. + of which/whom= of which/ whom+ the =n.
I didn’t find the desk whose leg was broken. （主语）
He is the student whose pencil I broke yesterday. （动宾）
The boss in whose company I work is very kind. （介宾）
4.which/that 指物，指代先行词且在定语从句中作主语或宾语（动宾或介宾）。
① 当作动宾时，联络代词可省掉。
② 当作介宾时：
介词不提前时，联络代词可省掉；
介词提前时，联络代词不可以省，即介词＋which(指物时介词后的联络代词只能用which)。
The house which/that was destroyed in the earthquake is weak.
The pen (which/that) you found yesterday is mine.
The games (that/which) the young men competed in were difficult.
The games in which the young men competed were difficult.
※注:介词+联络代词即介词+whom/which(先行词指人用whom，指物用which)。
※5.as指人或物，在定语从句中可作主语，宾语，表语或状语，不能省掉。首要用于 “the same …as…；such …as…；so …as…；as … as…；as follows”固定规划中，方法固定此时的引导限制性定语从句。要用as替代who(m), which, 或that引导定语从句：
Such people as knew Hill thought he was honest.
Such people as Hill knew thought he was honest.
My hometown is no longer the same as it was.
Here is so big a stone as no one can lift.
The child knows as much as grow-ups (know).
I’d like to have the same books as are used in your school.
He is not such a person as I expected.
He will marry as pretty a girl as he can find.
※注：which和as可引导非限制性定语从句：可以指代主句中的一有些或整个语句的内容，which和as都可以指代主句中的一有些或整个语句的内容，有时可以交换。因而，当as/which指代前面的整个语句，或前句中的有些内容作定语从句的主语时，谓语用奇数．
Our team lost the game, as/which was reported in the 
newspaper.
She was terrified, as/which I could see from her eyes.
He married her, as/which was natural.
差异：
①as引导的非捆绑性定语从句可以放在主句前面、插在主句中心或放在主句结束；而which引导的非捆绑性定语从句只能放在主句后边。
He married her, as/which was natural.
=As was natural, he married her.
Mark Twin is a great writer, which/as is known to all.
=As is known to all, Mark Twin is a great writer.
②as引导的从句有“正如”、“正像”之意，而which则无此意。常用句型有：
as we all know, as is known to all, as everybody can see, as is expected, As is known/ said/ reported/ told/ we all know等。如：
As we all know, paper was first made in China.
To shut your eyes to facts, as many of you do, is foolish.
③主句和从句有因果联络时，用which.
Our class has won the football match, which made us very happy.
Bamboos are hollow, which makes them very light.
④从句含否定意义常常用which.
She didn’t pass the exam, which we couldn’t expect.
She didn’t pass the exam, as we 
expected.
6.when联络副词：指时刻。在定语从句中作时刻状语，不能省掉。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词必定是表时刻的名词）。
I still remember the time when I joined the League.
＝I still remember the time on which I joined the League.
＝I still remember the time (which/that) I joined the League on.
7.where联络副词：指地址。在定语从句中作地址状语，不能省掉。此时的when还可用介词+which替换（此时先行词必定是表地址的名词）。
I still remember the school where I joined the League.
＝I still remember the school in which I joined the League.
＝I still remember the school (which/that) I joined the League in.
※注：对联络副词when, where的知道。
①. 先行词是时刻的名词，并非都用联络副词when引导定语从句。
I’ll never forget the time (which/that) I spent in Beijing.
②. 先行词是地址的名词，并非都用联络副词where引导定语从句。
This is the factory (which/that) he visited yesterday.
③. 当句型为It/This/That is(was) the first(second…last) time致使的语句时用that联接这今后的语句。此时的time是次数，不是时刻。
It/This is the first time that we travel.
It/This is the last time that I shall give you a lesson.
8. why指缘由，在定语从句中作缘由状语，先行词一般为reason,不能省掉。且why引导的定语从句只能是限制性定语从句。Why= for which
I don’t know the reason why he was late yesterday.
The reason why(for which) he was late is that he missed the bus.
※注：抢先行词为reason时，联络副词并非都用why。
This is the reason (that/ which) he gave/ explained to us.
【判别用联络代词仍是联络副词】
从句短少的是主语、宾语仍是状语是断定用联络代词仍是联络副词的要害。试比照：
I will never forget the day (which/that) I spent in Hongkong.
?( spent是及物动词，后缺宾语，因而用联络代词或省掉 )
I will never forget the day when/on which Hongkong returned to its motherland.
（ 从句主谓宾规划无缺，缺状语，因而用联络副词或介词加联络代词 ）
The reason （that/which）he gave for not coming to school yesterday isn’t believable.
?( gave是及物动词，后缺宾语，因而用联络代词或省掉 )
The reason why he didn’t come to school yesterday isn’t believable.
（ 从句主谓宾规划无缺，缺状语，因而用联络副词或介词加联络代词 ）
三. 值得留心的几个疑问：
第一. 抢先行词是物时，联络代词(that/which)只用that的情况。
1.抢先行词被序数词或描述词的最高档润饰时。
This is the best film that has been shown this year.
This is the first book (that) I borrow from the library.
※He is the first student that/who came to school today.
2.抢先行词为两个或两个以上别离指人和物的名词时。
He talked about the teachers and the school (that) he had visited.
3.抢先行词本身是all的，用that。(all that=what)
All that (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.
=All (what) I want to say to you is “Thank you”.
Go over all that (what) we learned.
=Go over all (what) we learned.（that在定语从句中充当宾语可以省掉）
4.先行词为something, anything, nothing, everything, thing时，用that.
I’ll tell you anything (that) I know.
5.抢先行词前有all, much, little, many, (a) few, every, some, any, no, only, the very, one of, the only, the last, the next等润饰语时。
This is one of the books (that) I’m very interesting in.
※ This is one of the books in which I’m very interesting.
This is the only book (that) I read.
He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.
All the glasses that were on the table fell off onto the floor.
6.（人，物），抢先行词在以who或which最初的特别疑问句中时，用that引导以避免混杂．
Who is the man that is talking with the lady?
Which of you that know the answer can come to the front?
7.抢先行词是在定语从句中作表语时，用that．
He likes the girl that she used to be.
第二. 抢先行词是物时，联络代词(that/which)只用which的情况。
1.作介宾且介词置于引导词之前时．
The room in which he lives is very large.
2.引导非限制性定语从句时（主，宾都用which, 都不能省掉）．
Football, which is a very interesting game, is played all over the world.
The house, which I visited yesterday, is very large.
3.which指整个语句的内容或有些内容，引导非限制性定语从句．
He always makes fun of me, which upsets me.
第三. 其他特别情况．
1.先行词是these, those指人时，联络代词只用who.
Those who are playing over there are my students.
2.先行词是人称代词(he, she…)时，联络代词只用who.
He who doesn’t reach the Great Wall is not a true man.
3.不定代词someone, anyone, everyone, no one, somebody, anybody, everybody作先行词时，联络代词用who.
Anybody who breaks the rules would be punished.
4.①先行词是the only one of +可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用奇数方法（因为此时的先行词是the only one,而不是of 后的可数名词复数）．
He is the only one of the boys that likes playing the piano.
This is the only one of the books that is borrowed.
②先行词是one of +可数名词复数，在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句中的谓语用复数方法（因为此时的先行词是of 后的可数名词复数,而不是one）．
This is one of the students who are late.
5.当主句缺先行词时，用the one 替代，但须留心：the one只能替代可数名词奇数．如为不可以数名词时，指啥用啥．
Is this school the one I visited yesterday?
Is pop music the music he likes best?
6. 抢先行词是the way, 在定语从句中充当方法状语时（the way表＂以…方法／办法＂），引导词一般用that或省掉，也可用in which．
I don’t like the way (that) you speak.
=I don’t like the way in which you speak.
=I don’t like the way (which/that) you speak in.
【“介词+联络代词”十种情况】
在定语从句中，介词+联络代词规划是一种较为凌乱的疑问。现就几种常见的介词+联络代词的规划分析如下：
1．介词+which在定语从句中别离作时刻、地址和缘由状语，替代相应的联络副词when, where和why。如：I still remember the day on which (when) I first came to school.我仍然记住初来学校的那一天。
The factory in which (=where) I work is a large one.我作业的工厂是一个大工厂。
This is the reason for which (=why) he was late.这就是他为啥迟到的缘由。
2．介词+which（指物）/ whom（指人）在定语从句中作地址状语，标明存在联络，定语从句主谓一般要倒置。
They arrived at a farmhouse, in front of which sat a small boy.他来到一处农舍，前边坐着一个小男孩。
I saw a man, on the head of whom stood a bird.我看见一自个，他的头上站着一只鸟。
3．介词+ which（指物）/ whom（指人）在定语从句中作意图、方法或地址状语。这种规划中的介词一般受动词或介词后的名词所制约。如：
Could you tell me for whom you’ve bought this coat?你能告诉我这件衣裳是给谁买的吗？
The man, from whom I learned the news, is an engineer.这人是一位工程师，我是从他那里得到这消息的。
4．介词+which/whom，用于被逼规划的定语从句中，作状语，阐明动作的启航者。如：
The wolf by which the sheep was killed was shot.损伤羊的那只狼被打死了。
The man by whom the wolf was shot was a good hunter.打死狼的那人是个好猎手。
5．不定代词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，阐明全体中的有些，常用的不定代词有：both, all, any, some, each, none, most等。如：
There are a lot of books here, none of which belongs to me.这儿有许多书，可一本也不归于我。
Yesterday Mary bought a few clothes, all of which were expensive.昨日玛丽买了一些衣裳，他们都很贵。
6．数词+of+which/whom，在定语从句中作主语，阐明全体与有些的联络。数词可所以基数词、序数词、分数或百分数。如：
In our class there are fifty-four students, twenty-five of whom are girls.咱们班有54论理学生，25人是女人。
Two watches were stolen, one of which was mine.两只手表被偷了，其间一只是我的。
7．名词+of+which替代whose+名词，在定语从句中作定语。如：
I saw some trees, the leaves of which (=whose leaves) were black with disease.我看见一些树，他们的叶子因害病而发黑。
I live in a house, the windows of which are all broken.我住在一所房子里，其窗都破了。
8．介词+ which（指物）/ whose（指人）润饰后边的名词。如：
It rained all night and all day, during which time the ship was broken into pieces.雨下了一天一夜，就在这时刻轮船撞碎了。
The driver was the man from whose room she had stolen the maps.司机就是那自个，她从他的房间偷走地图。
9．描述词最高档+of+which/whom规划，在定语从句中，作定语，表有些联络。如：
China has thousands of islands, the largest of which is Taiwan.我国有不计其数个岛屿，其间最大的是台湾岛。
In our class there are twenty girls, the cleverest of whom is Li Hua.咱们班有20名女人，最聪明的是李华。
10．介词+which+不定式。此种用法多见于正式文体中，恰当于一个定语从句。如：
At last he had something about which to write home.他总算有了给家里写信的内容了。
He had no key with which to open the door.他没有开门的钥匙。
He has a small room in which to live.
【运用定语从句时应留心的几个疑问】
1． 联络代词在定语从句中作主语时，定语从句的谓语动词应和先行词的人称和数坚持共同。
This is one of the books which were written by Mark Twain.这是马克吐温所写的书中的一本。（先行词是books，因而动词使用were。）
2． 联络代词或联络副词在从句中充当一个语句成分，因而要留心避免从句中语句成分的重复呈现。
This is the most beautiful place that I have visited it.
This is the most beautiful place that I have visited. 这是我赏识过的最美的当地。（去掉it，因that替代先行词the most beautiful place在定语从句中作visit的宾语，再加it就剩下了。）
The school where I worked there is a big one.
The school where I worked is a big one.我所作业过的学校是一所大学校。（去掉there，因where既引导定语从句，又在从句中替代in the school作状语。）
3． 联络代词在定语从句中作主语时不可以省掉。
The books were on the table were given to you.
The books that were on the table were given to you.桌上的那些书是给你的。（联络代词that作主语不能省）
4． “one of the +复数名词”后的定语从句中谓语动词的单复数情况。
“one of the +复数名词”时，复数名词是先行词，所以谓语动词常用复数方法。假定“one of the +复数名词”前面有the very /only等润饰语，则谓语动词用奇数方法，因为先行词是，而不是复数名词。如：
He is the only one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是咱们班仅有说日语的学生。（the only one是先行词）
He is one of the students who speaks Japanese in our class.他是咱们班里说日语的学生之一。（students是先行词）
5． 定语从句中who和whom的选用。
联络代词who/whom引导定语从句时，作主语用主格who，作宾语用宾格whom。在其引导的定语从句带有刺进语，而又不必逗号分隔时，要用who。
Mary is a girl who I think is clever.
在定语从句who I think is clever中, I think是刺进语，去掉后Mary is a girl who is clever是一个无缺的语句，who是定语从句的主语，不能用whom替换。但下面的语句，情况就不一样了：
Mary is a girl whom I think to be clever.在定语从句whom I think to be clever中，如把I think看作刺进语而去掉，则剩下的有些Mary is a girl whom to be clever很显着不是一个无缺的语句规划，所以I think不能被看作是刺进语，而是定语从句在的主谓规划，whom作think的宾语，to be clever是whom的宾补。
6． 定语从句中联络代词或联络副词的选择择决于它们在从句中所充当的语句成分。如作主语和宾语用联络代词；作状语，用联络副词。
I’ll never forget the day when I went abroad myself.（when在从句中替代时刻状语on the day，此句可分化为I’ll never forget the day. I went abroad myself on the day.）
I’ll never forget the days that we spent together.（that替代the days，在从句中作spent的宾语，该句可分化为I’ll never forget the days. We spent the days together.）
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